My Skills and Talents Essay Example for Free

My Skills and Talents Essay Listening to advice from others will play an important part as it helps to get an outside point of view. It could save me from making decisions which may not be in the best interest of my business, as well as allowing me to use the advice I have been given to improve on any problems I may have or ways to bring more customers. If I were to stick to my own ideas all the time then and follow them through I could end up with a big loss if something goes wrong. Being persuasive is important in a business as it would allow me to convince people so buy/sell certain things. I may feel I am paying too much for my stock in that case I can try and convince my supplier to give me a better deal possibly allowing me to buy more. Being persuasive my also help if there is any completion and I can try and find out what their business plan is and then find a way to attract more customers then them. One way to go about this is to be friendly and to just really try and get the information you are looking for or convince people to give me what I am looking for. I need to be pretty ill before I take time off. No This can be positive or negative, if I am not feeling very well I can not work as hard as I normally would or I could cause further problems for my self if the illness does not go away. On the other hand taking time off work every time I feel a bit sick will end up causing a larger work load for my return and a loss of sales for that day. I must make sure to only take time off work when it is 100% necessary so as to avoid increasing my work load for the day in which I return back to work. I will be looking at all of my skills and talents which I could use to affect my business. This will allow me to see the problems and advantages each of them will cause to my future business, after this I will then look at situations in which they can be used to aid me with my business and for solutions for the problems that they may cause. This skill can aid me with my business as you learn to get along with others and how to work as a team, as playing doubles requires very good communication in this particular sport. This can aid me in my business as I know how to work with others and communicate with them, it will allow me to hopefully get alone with my employees and communicate with them, it also allows for a company team for example which would help build a bond between me and my employees. On the other side it could have negative affects on me and my business because I may spend too much time focused on playing or arrange to go play a game when I should be concentrating on work that I have to do, as a result it may lead to work being done late or not up to a certain standard. It may also cause me to be tired when going into work if I went to play a game late in the night so during that day I wont be as focused as normal and it will cause my work to suffer. To avoid these problems I should always make sure that my work is done before I decide to make time recreational activates and to make sure I get to sleep at a certain time everyday so as to avoid being tired during work. Good knowledge of Microsoft Office programs. This an important skill as it is needed to run a business, knowing how to use programs such and word, excel, PowerPoint are needed to make presentations send letters and crate accounts. I can also teach my employees how to use these programs so I can delegate work onto them if I feel I have too much work to do. The negative side to this is that if I teach another of my employees these skills and them leave them with work that needs to be done they may run into difficulties thus resulting in work not being done properly or being done late, it also takes a lot of time to teach someone full use of these programs time of which I may not have enough of. To make sure I do not come across these problems I should make sure I only give my employees work which I know they can get done in time and properly, and I should also make sure I have time to teach them how to do new things with these programs as sometimes it may just be faster if I just do it myself and delegate something know they can do upon them as this will give them a sense of responsibility and possibly motivate them to learn other skills on their own. I like to keep up to date with new technology. This is an advantage as knowing the new technology out there is important for the business to survive, as most of them time it allows the business to achieve greater economies of scale and become more efficient. They also may be able to carry out certain tasks which in turn will allow me to save money by replacing employees whose jobs these new machines take over. The down side there is the risk of these now technologies do not work out as expected or there are problems with them which cannot be solved easily thus resulting in a large loss for my business. To make sure these problems occur I can look into new machinery to make sure no problems can occur that could lead to problems for me and my business. I enjoy talking and meeting with new people. These very important as I will have to handle customers, it will also help me communicating with my employees old and new as this is needed to get work done and can help with getting new idea for my business which could allow me to improve. The downside is some people may find I come across to strong and this may push them away or not want to speak at all. To avoid this I must make sure that I know when someone is willing to be willing to speak and when they rather be left to themselves and not be bothered by others.

Theodore Levitts Theory of Globalization

Theodore Levitts Theory of Globalization To most of us, globalization—as a political, economic, social, and technological force—appears all but unstoppable. The ever-faster flow of information across the globe has made people aware of the tastes, preferences, and lifestyles of citizens in other countries. Through this information flow, we are all becoming—at varying speeds and at least in economic terms—global citizens. This convergence is controversial, even offensive, to some who consider globalization a threat to their identity and way of life. It is not surprising, therefore, that globalization has evoked counter forces aimed at preserving differences and deepening a sense of local identity. Yet, at the same time, we increasingly take advantage of what a global economy has to offer—we drive BMWs and Toyotas, work with an Apple or IBM notebook, communicate with a Nokia phone or BlackBerry, wear Zara clothes or Nike sneakers, drink Coca-Cola, eat McDonald’s hamburgers, entertain t he kids with a Sony PlayStation, and travel with designer luggage. This is equally true for the buying habits of businesses. The market boundaries for IBM global services, Hewlett-Packard computers, General Electric (GE) aircraft engines, or PricewaterhouseCoopers consulting are no longer defined in political or geographic terms. Rather, it is the intrinsic value of the products and services that defines their appeal. Like it or not, we are living in a global economy. Levitt’s argument was about new technology has â€Å"proletarianized† communication, transport, and travel, a new commercial reality-the emergence of global markets for standardized consumer products, Converging Consumption Pattern: Almost everyone, everywhere wants global products, wish of modernity, Prefer low prices to supposed national characteristics and the Earth is flat. He also argued about Global Corporation vs Multinational Corporation and further more over Multinational corporations knows a lot about great many countries and adapts to supposed differences. Now while doing the critical evaluation of his arguments, he proposed strategies that companies should move from multinational to global corporation because in his view the market for multinationals was sinking. He found much more scope when it comes to operate over the Global market. He also proposed that not to adapt the superficial differences but force suitably standardized products globally. Which mean s that the market for standardized products should be kept global. He urged over making the standardized products global in order to maintain their market worth and image. Another concept given by Levitt was about offering everyone simultaneously high-quality, more or less standardized products at optimally low prices. This idea was basically approved to satisfy the needs of everyone as the products will be available at optimal prices. People tend to prefer more standardized products so this was the best deal for them. He also wanted few standardized markets instead of many customized markets. Because of this the customization of products was ended and with formulation of few standardized markets the Global corporations maintained a better worth instead of going through the customized markets form. The most important strategy proposed by Levitt was, there is no other appeal like price. People like money, and they want to spread it over as many goods as they can. So if the prices of commodities will be available at low and it will be standardized as well then people will definitely prefer to spend money and the most motivational factor for people to buy something is its good quality on low prices. Levitt quoted about the concept of Standardization that â€Å"If a company forces costs and prices down and pushed quality and reliability up while maintaining reasonable concern for suitability –customers will prefer world standardized products†. This statement has got clear linkage with the above strategies evaluated by Levitt’s views. Now if we put a light over the marketing concepts he proposed, in his opinion the company should know more about what customers wants than the customer himself or herself knows, or at least more than the customer can articulate. The successful global corporation does not abjure customization or differentiation for the requirements of markets that differ in product preferences, spending patterns, shopping preferences and institutional or legal arrangement. But global corporations accepts and adjusts to these differences only reluctantly, only after relentlessly testing their immutability, after trying in various ways to circumvent and reshape them. Global strategy and organization has been strong in the last two decades. Numerous perspectives have been proposed to examine the issue, and so have numerous prescriptions for businesses facing global competition. On the one hand, these perspectives have enriched our understanding of the complexity of competing globally. On the other hand, the diversity of perspectives creates a great deal of ambiguity and confusion about how to compete worldwide, about the definition of a global strategy, about why a business chooses a global strategy, and about the implications of that choice. Without a unified framework to integrate these diverse perspectives, ambiguity and confusion are likely to persist, leading to contradicting theories and discouraging practical application of knowledge. Levitt (1983) argues forcefully that advances in communication and transportation technologies and increased worldwide travel have homogenized world markets. Increasingly, consumers in different parts of the world tend to demand the same products and have the same preferences. In this new era, the strategic imperative for businesses competing globally is to achieve the economies of scale which the global market affords. Thus, multinational corporations which treat individual country markets separately are likely to disappear and be replaced by global corporations which sell standardized products the same way everywhere in the world. A major source of competitive advantage has become the ability to produce high-quality products at lowest cost, since global consumers will sacrifice their idiosyncratic preferences for the high-quality but low-priced products. Instead of a single standardized product, they recommend a broad product portfolio, with many product varieties, so that investments on technologies and distribution channels can be shared. Cross subsidization across products and markets, and the development of a strong world-wide distribution system, are the two moves that find the pride of place in these authors views on how to succeed in the game of global chess. When the global producer offers his lower costs internationally, his patronage expands exponentially. He not only reaches into distant markets, but also attracts customers who previously held to local preferences and now capitulate to the attractions of lower prices. The strategy of standardization not only responds to worldwide homogenized markets but also expands those markets with aggressive low pricing. According to Levitt (1983), the optimum global strategy is to produce a single standardized product and sell it through a standardized marketing program. The essays argument is that the emergence of global markets for standardized consumer products† of a hitherto undreamed-of magnitude. The era of the â€Å"multinational corporation† was drawing to a close, Levitt asserted. The future belonged to the â€Å"global corporation.† The global corporation did not cater to local differences in taste. Those differences were being overwhelmed by the ability of the global corporation to market standardized products of high quality at a cost lower than that of competitors due to â€Å"enormous economies of scale in production, distribution, marketing, and management.† The global corporation was being called forth by a new era of â€Å"homogenized demand.† A few years ago, globalization was the new paradigm in international business, however from a branding pers pective it has lost its initial efficiency giving the fact that consumers do not seem to feel a connection anymore with the standardized products of global corporations, catered to them in mass marketing communication programs. With their centralized decision making, most companies simply stopped having a connection with the new global marketplace and neglected its emergence. There are arguments for and against the idea of the globalization of markets. On the one hand, people are gradually seeking high quality/low cost products due to the advancement of technology and communication (Levitt, 1983). Levitt both overestimated and underestimated globalization. He did not anticipate that some markets would react against globalization, especially against Western globalization. He also underestimated the power of globalization to transform entire nations to actually embrace elements of global capitalism, as is happening in the former Soviet Union, China, and other parts of the world. He was right, however, about the importance of branding and its role in forging the convergence of consumer preferences on a global scale. Think of Coca-Cola, Starbucks, McDonald’s, or Google. A global product is an important element of a global marketing strategy. A product can be defined as global if it can be marketed in different markets, with minimal or virtually no modification or adaptation. The focus of an enterprise is on serving global markets with global products. A global product does not have to sell in every market. For some types of products, the U.S., Japan, and Europe can represen t 70% (or even 90%) of the world market demand. And within this increasingly homogeneous triad, many manufacturers can benefit from universal product designs. A global product brings benefits to the producer and the consumer. The advantages to the producer are lower costs and economies of scale in production and management. The consumer benefits through lower prices, better serviceability, increased quality and consistent reliability. However, not all products can become global products. Studies have found that the ability of a product to be global significantly depends on whether the product is regarded as being essential and without close substitutes. Globalization which essentially refers to growth of trade and investment, accompanied by the growth in international businesses, and the integration of economies around the world, advanced in 1990’s and in the twenty first century. The globalization of business is easy to recognize in the spread of many brands and services spr eads around the world. Forexample, Japanese electronics and automobiles are common in large part of the world. Moreover, companies have become transnational or multinational those are based in one country but have operations in others. For example, Japan/based automaker Honda operates the largest single factory in the United States, while U.S. based Coca-Cola operates plants in other countries including France and Belgium with about 80% percent ofthat company’s profits come from overseas sales. Nevertheless, the rapid growth of globalization that was considered as a success particularly due to the rapid economic growth and success of Asian Tigers and Taiwan in early 1990’s, was undermined by these countries major economic setbacks in the late 90’s. A number of rallies of anti-globalization forces attempted to portrait that globalization is not a panacea for the worlds problems. Their demonstration in all fronts during the Seattle meetings of the World Trade Orga nization that turned into a fiasco is an example. Thus, globalization continues through its agents, i.e. MNE by changing strategies to internationalize theirbusinesses. Prof Ghemawat, (2007) believed that the above definition of Levitt still reign the world, he however, challenges it and redefined globalization as it will be explained later. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are the key drivers of globalization, as they fosterincreased economic interdependence among national markets. The ultimate test to assess whether these MNEs are global themselves is their actual penetration level of markets across the globe, especially in the broad triad markets of NAFTA, the European Union andAsia. A powerful force drives the world toward a converging commonality, and that force is technology. It has proletarianized communication, transport, and travel. It has made isolated places and impoverished peoples eager for modernity’s allurements. Almost everyone everywhere wants all the things they have heard about, seen, or experienced via the new technologies. The result is a new commercial reality—the emergence of global markets for standardized consumer products on a previously unimagined scale of magnitude. Corporations geared to this new reality benefit from enormous economies of scale in production, distribution, marketing, and management. By translating these benefits into reduced world prices, they can decimate competitors that still live in the disabling grip of old assumptions about how the world works. Gone are accustomed differences in national or regional preference. Gone are the days when a company could sell last year’s models—or lesser versions of advanced products—in the less-developed world. And gone are the days when prices, margins, and profits abroad were generally higher than at home. The globalization of markets is at hand. With that, the multinational commercial world nears its end, and so does the multinational corporation. The multinational and the global corporation are not the same thing. The multinational corporation operates in a number of countries, and adjusts its products and practices in each—at high relative costs. The global corporation operates with resolute constancy—at low relative cost—as if the entire world (or major regions of it) were a single entity; it sells the same things in the same way everywhere. Which strategy is better is not a matter of opinion but of necessity. Worldwide communications carry everyw here the constant drumbeat of modern possibilities to lighten and enhance work, raise living standards, divert, and entertain. The same countries that ask the world to recognize and respect the individuality of their cultures insist on the wholesale transfer to them of modern goods, services, and technologies. Modernity is not just a wish but also a widespread practice among those who cling, with unyielding passion or religious fervor, to ancient attitudes and heritages. Companies may enter the global market through various kinds of international investments. Companies may choose to make foreign direct investments, (FDI) which allow them to control companies and assets in other countries. Indeed, the largest 500 MNEs account forover 90% of the world stock of foreign direct investment (FDI) and they, themselves, conduct about half the world’s trade, (Rugman, 2004). In addition, companies may elect to make portfolio investments, by acquiring the stock of companies in other countries in order to gain control of these companies. They may participate in the international market by eitherlicensing or franchising. Another way companies tap into the global market is by forming strategic alliances with companies in other countries. While strategic alliances come in many forms, some enable each company to access the home market of the other and there by market their products as being affiliated with the well-known host company. This method ofinternational business also enables a company to bypass some of the difficulties associated with inte rnationalization such as different political, regulatory, and social conditions. The home company can help the multinational company address and overcome these difficulties because it is accustomed to them. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) largely operate within their home region of the triad, or, at best, are bi-regional (competing only across two of the triads of the EU, NAFTA and Asia. Most of the largest 500 MNEs are interested in the deepening of regional trade and investment agreements in Europe, the Americas and Asia. This is a high end  ³niche ´ of the commonality viewpoint in which they argue that the world’s clearly becoming more unified and homogeneous ´. However, basically every aspect oftheir arguments wrong. Instead of one language, one thirst, one food, one car, etc. there are strong regional differences within each part of the triad. Despite their global nature, some argues that companies must customize their products orservices to meet the needs of vari ous international markets, and hence must use a multi-domestic strategy at least in part. For example, a US fast food companies such as KFC, McDonalds although have a standard approach globally, they adapted their strategy to the preference of regions or countries like in China, Japan, Middle-East. KFC introduced smallerpieces of foods to cater to a Japanese preference, and located restaurants in crowded are as along with other restaurants, moving away from independent sites. As a result of these changes, the fast-food restaurant experienced stronger demand in Japan. As Grant, 2008, indicated, for instance McDonald carefully blends of global standardization and local adaptation in most countries. Its menus feature an increasing number of locally developed items like McVeggie Burger in India, McArabia in Kofta in Saudi Arabia, Kosher food in Israel by still maintaining globally standardized items, i.e. the big Mac and potato fries. Carindustries like Toyota adapt their product also as per region. Product for the US market and other part of the world is different. As the rising tide of globalization, some companies may lost the way or make mistakes to set out to create a worldwide strategy. In fact, better results come from strong regional strategies, which is the bridge that connect the local and global initiatives, and can significantly boost a company’s performance. As indicated earlier, an increasing number ofcompanies regard regions as enabler o f cross-border integration because high level ofcross-border integration usually accompany with high level of regionalization. Besides the geographic proximity, the cultural, administrative and economic proximity also become an important competitive advantage in regionalization and contribute a significant weight ofsales. Embracing regional strategies requires flexibility and creativity. Managers must be conscious that markets, supplies, investors, locations, partners, and competitors can be anywhere in the world. Successful businesses will take advantage of opportunities wherever they are and will be prepared for downfalls. Successful managers, in this environment, need to understand the similarities and differences across national boundaries, in order to utilize the opportunities and deal with the potential downfalls. Once this analysis is complete, managers must establish strategic goals, which are the significant goals a company seeks to achieve through a particular pursuit such as entering a new regional market through considering the above five regional strategy model. International strategies refer to those that address competition in each country or region on an individual basis, whereas global strategy refers to addressing competition in an integrated and holistic manner across country and regional boundaries. Hence, multi-domestic international strategies attempt to appeal to the needs of customers in different countries or regions, while global strategies attempt to standardize products and marketing to work across boundaries. Levitt will be remembered by the world as the man who coined the word â€Å"globalization,† but for his former students, his colleagues, and his loved ones, he was above all a man who could bestow down-to-earth advice as well as ground-breaking theory.

Cohabitation, Marriage, and Divorce Essay -- Sociology

1.0 Introduction Cohabitation is and has been a norm in almost all societies in the world. It has been perceived as the stepping stone to marriage by the modern generation. In Whitman, (2003), cohabitation has grown so widely that there is one cohabiting couple out of 7 marriages in 2010 as compared to 1 out of 90 marriages in 1960. According to her, the attitude towards the whole of marriage institution has changed drastically over time. In the same article, currently in the US, of 3 single women, 1 chooses to live with their partners before marriage as compared to the 1950’s where only 1 out of 10 chooses so. Another statistics reveal that, the number of cohabitating partners have increased exponentially from 430,000 in 1960 to 5.4 million couples in 2005 (Fowler, R, 2008). From this shocking statistics, we ought to find out the advantages and disadvantages of cohabiting. Firstly, the meaning of cohabitation and marriage must be clearly defined before more research is done. From the Concise English Dictionary (9th Edition), cohabitation come from the word ‘cohabit’ which is defined as â€Å"live together, [especially] as husband and wife without being married to one another† while marriage is defined as â€Å"the legal union of a man and woman in order to live together and often to have children†. In today’s terms, long-term cohabitation is more known as an alternative to marriage. Couples now prefer cohabitation because of the ‘freedom’ and the ‘guarantee of compatibility’ that it allegedly offers. However, the issue about cohabitation that is questioned is the stability of the relationship. We know that cohabitation is recognized by any country in the world as a legal union of a man and woman. The question arises, ‘Will cohabitat... ...ation’, Family Matters, pp. 24-27, viewed 26th January 2012, Popenoe D., Whitehead B.D. (1999), ‘Should we live together? What young adults need to know about cohabitation before marriage.’ THE NATIONAL MARRIAGE PROJECT : The Next Generation Series, New Jersey, viewed 14 January, 2012, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, (1995), 9th ed, Oxford University Press Inc., New York. Whitehead, B.D. and Popenoe, D. (2000), ‘Sex without strings, relationships without rings’, The State of Our Unions, The Social Health of Marriage in America, The National Marriage Project, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, p. 13, New Jersey. Whitman, S. (2003), ‘Shacking up: The smart girl's guide to living in sin without getting burned’, Broadway, Washington.

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Educational Philosophy

As an educator we all struggle with philosophy and where to go from there once we decide what our set of beliefs are. Once we put our philosophy in place, we then struggle with changing our philosophy. I believe that philosophies can be always changing any given situation and in order for growth as an educator we have to be aware of the situations that can change our philosophy, as well as being true to our core beliefs. However, in order for this to happen we must understand what philosophy is, and what it is not and how it fall in line with ideology and theories. For this assignment, I will compare and contrast philosophy, ideology, and theory. Philosophy is the most beliefs about what is true or real according to individual values (Gutek, 2009). Philosophy is our beliefs that will determine what we do professionally and personally. Not having a philosophy set in place, it will be difficult to make decisions within the classroom, creating curriculums and evaluate progress. Although a person can set goals without having a philosophy implemented, not having the foundation of a set philosophy (core set of beliefs) achieving the goals can be a very difficult challenge. Educators need a starting point to understand why we think and act the way we do in our classrooms. Having a philosophy allows an educator to reflect on how to make classroom actions consistent with our beliefs related to learning. However, before we list our â€Å"beliefs† we need to delve deeper into what makes up our philosophy. There are four major components to philosophy – Metaphysics, Epistemology, Axiology, and Logic (Gutek, 2009). In order to be able to understand philosophy we need to be able to understand its components. Metaphysics is the branch of philosop... ...ke in formulating a philosophy is self-reflective and formative. As educators generate ideas about what their teaching philosophy may be, all of the above are taken into consideration in determining attitudes, values, and beliefs about learning and teaching. A set of guidelines need to be implemented, and these guidelines will be worked and reworked as time and experiences happen. Educational philosophies are foundations of everything that we do as teachers. They are based upon our assumptions, definitions of learning, purpose of education and the nature of instructional process. It is an ever-changing process throughout our teaching career. What may be our philosophy today may not be our philosophy tomorrow. Works Cited Gutek, Gerald Lee. (2009). New perspectives on philosophy and education. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

I Want to Face the Challenges of Architecture :: Graduate Admissions Essays

I Want to Face the Challenges of Architecture    When you drive home from work, do you ever explore? Sure, it might take longer than usual, and there may be unpleasant stops along the way, but occasionally you will find an unexpected surprise. By casting aside strict conventions and routines and by taking risks, we can achieve things we never considered or thought possible.    I find that many people in our religiously capitalist society only seek the fastest, cheapest, and most efficient route. While some industries hire to increase diversity and thereby innovation, many dare not attempt anything new. In particular, many established architects and developers fear taking chances and fear the risk of failure inherent in untested methods. I, on the other hand, believe that architects must not feel constrained by the past but must follow-up on promising possibilities.    Exploring undiscovered methods and paths requires self-criticism, self-assurance, and courage. In my junior year in college, I doubted the teaching style of my instructor in my first design studio class. I felt as if he pushed his own rigid ideas into the students' creations and did not allow the students the opportunity to pursue their own original designs. Fearing my intellectual growth might be stunted by his lectures and dissatisfied with his teaching, I basically taught myself design by researching and combing through hundreds of architecture books. Through my own studies, I came to realize that architecture should be learned, not preached. That semester, I further challenged myself by working on a design of my own creation, a design not assigned by my instructor. While it would have been easier to accept the instructor' s lessons and just follow his ideas, I realized that I could never take the easy way again now that I discovered that the beauty of architecture lies in learnin g it myself. That semester helped formulate my approach towards architecture and influence my design decisions to this day.    Although self-motivation is extremely important, seeking the guidance and critique of others is essential to good design since others can find what I may have overlooked. One critic who has been particularly crucial to the development of my work is Craig Scott, a Progressive Architecture Awards Winner in 1996,who worked together with Homa Fardjadi and Sima Fardjadi. Craig was my studio critic during the spring term of 1997.

My daughter smokes Essay

We often think that refering people to supporting groups is enough to quit smoking, however how about if instead we educate them so that they won’t even start smoking as walker mention â€Å"peace on earth begins at home†, meaning that we need to educate our children and surrounding about smoking and its concecuenses. Smoking not only causes health problems, it can also cause economic problems, and can harm those around you. Smoking can have many negative impacts regarding your health it can cause bronchitis, pneumonia, and emphysema. According to the center for disease control and prevention â€Å"smoking causes 1 in 5 strokes in the United States†, Menaning that a person that smokes has a higher risk of having a painful and agonizing death compare to a non-smoker person. Smoking can harm not only you but also those arounfd you. People who smoke in public make choicea for others. for example, when you smoke around a 5 year old tou are basically making a choice for them making them a second hand smoker. Also, when you start suffering smoking consequences you dont do it alone because you family will suffer along with you. In addition, smoking can not only cause health problems but economically as well. A packet of cigarettes cost o8.75 an avarage smoker smokes about 2 packets a day, which will make an average of 3200 to 6400 per year.this money can be used for food and or clothing. Also, because of the health problems that smoking will cause, smokers smokers will have to spend a alot of money on health care. In conclusion, we need to educate our familiar, and friends regarding smoking. Smoking its a very additive habit that will make you nicoti e dependent. Therefore when you try to quit it comes with withdrawal symptoms, to avoid withdrawal symtomps from smoking the best choice is to never start. Smoking will not only damege your health it will also damage you economically, and also thos around you.

Eymp 1

EYMP 1: Context and Principles for Early Years Provision 1. 1 Explain the legal status and principles of the relevant early year’s frameworks and how national and local guidance materials are used in settings. Children deserve and need the best possible start in their lives in order for them to fulfil their full potential in their learning and development (Terry, 2009). A happy, healthy and supportive childhood will help children to achieve the best that they possibly can (Smeyers and Wring, 2007).In 2003 the Laming Report was written following a very serious case of child abuse involving a girl called Victoria Climbie who was physically abused by her great aunt and another adult male. The abuse was so bad, a doctor involved in Victoria’s post mortem stated that â€Å"there really is not anywhere that is spared – there is scarring all over the body. † The report then goes on to explain how the local authorities involved in the care of this young girl were to blame for her death, as there was evidence of deliberate harm and nothing was done. Similar essay: Approaches to Promoting Wellbeing and ResilienceThe local social services department dealing with her case closed it on the day that she died. Following the Laming Report the government green paper was written in 2003 ‘Every Child Matters’ (ECM). The aims of this were to reduce the occurrences of education failure, ill health, abuse and neglect, teenage pregnancy, substance misuse and crime and anti-social behaviour among children and young people. It also gave children a voice and allowed them to decide what they want by creating the five outcomes, which are: * Being healthy Staying safe * Enjoying and achieving * Making a positive contribution * Economic well-being The Children Act 2004 enabled the ‘Every Child Matters’ to be established and was written next in order to provide the legislative spine on which the reform of children’s services is based. ‘It aims to improve and integrate children’s services, promote early in tervention, provide strong leadership and bring together different professionals in multi-disciplinary teams in order achieve positive outcomes for children and young people and their families. (Surrey County Council, 2004) Next came the Childcare Act 2006 which gave a new role to local authorities in the improvement of the ‘Every Child Matters’ outcomes, providing childcare for working parents and providing parental information services (DoE, 2012). This act also introduced the inspection of childcare premises and the registration of childcare workers as a must (OFSTED, 2012). This was then, when the implementation of the EYFS came into play.The ‘Early Years Foundation Stage’ was brought in to achieve the five ECM outcomes and it did this by: * Setting the standards for learning and care received in child care settings * Providing for equality of opportunity and ensuring that all practice is anti-discriminatory and all children are included in activities d espite culture, race, religion and gender * Working in partnership with parents and also maintaining multi-agency working to ensure the best possible education and care for children * Improving quality and consistency to give all child care settings a universal set of standards that must be followed and also giving the right to have all settings inspected * Laying a secure foundation for each child’s future learning and development to be planned around the child’s individual needs and interests† (DfCSF, 2008)There are six areas that are covered by the EYFS and they must all be taken in to account as they are very important in each child’s development. These areas are: * Personal, social and emotional development * Communication, language and literacy * Problem-solving, reasoning and numeracy * Knowledge and understanding of the world * Physical development * Creative development (Meggitt et al, 2011) The 4 themes of the EYFS highlight how we can help child ren to develop and learn and enjoy their childhood, these are: * A unique child- this looks at all children being competent learners and having their own unique ways in which they like to learn and explore. Children should be encouraged to be esilient, capable, confident and self-assured in order to be competent learners from birth. * Child Development- babies and children are all different and therefore have different ways in which they learn best. Children also learn at different rates and some need extra support. This looks at all areas of development including social, emotional, physical, cognitive and spiritual. * Inclusive practice- this is very important to allow children to feel that the diversity of their families and communities is respected and that no children are discriminated against. * Keeping Safe- the vulnerability of young children need to be protected to enable them to develop resilience.This can be done by the adults that care for them protecting their physical a nd psychological well-being. * Health and wellbeing- a child’s health is a fundamental part of their social, emotional, environmental and spiritual well-being. All of these areas contribute to and highlight the aims and the role that EYFS plays in the development and learning of all children in early years settings. As childcare professionals we must use all of the resources within the EYFS in our daily practice, including using it when planning, when observing children and linking what we see to aspects of the EYFS, to develop policies and procedures within our setting, to update our childcare practice and to reflect on our current practice. 1. Explain how different approaches to work with children in the early years have influenced current provision in the UK. In the past there have been people that have had theories that relate to child development and learning of children in childcare settings; these people are known as educational pioneers and are well respected as their theories have changed childcare for the better (Meggitt et al, 2011). â€Å"Friedrich Froebel  (1782-1852), the great German educator, is famous pre-eminently for his radical insight that the first learning experiences of the very young are of crucial importance in influencing not only their later educational achievements but also the health and development of society as a whole† (Weston, 1998).Friedrich Froebel had the idea that children learn best through play and by having real experiences and from these theories he was the founder of the first ever kindergarten in 1840 (Meggitt et al, 2011). Following the theory that children learn best through play, Frobel introduced toys that he called, ‘Froebel Gifts’ or ‘gaben’ which included balls, wooden blocks, rings, tiles and sticks which were all the key elements of Froebel’s kindergarten (Watson, 2002). Froebel’s ideas are very similar to those that construct the EYFS that all childcar e providers use today. Here is a table showing a summary of his ideas and how they are similar to and link with the EYFS: Froebel| EYFS| Schools should be closely involved with parents and that they should be welcome to join their children in their learning and development. â€Å"Creating the framework for partnership working between parents and professionals, andbetween all the settings that the child attends;†Section 1- Introduction- Purpose and Aims of the EYFS 1. 2 (p. 7)â€Å"Positive Relationships describes how children learn to be strong and independent from aBase of loving and secure relationships with parents and/or a key person. The commitmentsare focused around respect; partnership with parents; supporting learning; and the role of theKey person. †Section 1- Introduction- A Principled Approach 1. 11 (p. 9)Creating the Framework for Partnership Working 1. 16 (p. 10)| Parents were the first educators for their children and that childcare providers working with parents will benefit the child greatly, because they know them better than anyone. â€Å"The EYFS sets standards to enable early years providers to reflect the rich and personalisedExperience that many parents give their children at home. Like parents, providers should deliverindividualised learning, development and care that enhances the development of the children inTheir care and gives those children the best possible start in life. †Section 1- Introduction- Setting the Standards 1. 13 (p. 9)â€Å"Close working between early years practitioners and parents is vital for the identification ofChildren’s learning needs and to ensure a quick response to any area of particular difficulty. Parentsand families are central to a child’s well-being and practitioners should support this importantRelationship by sharing information and offering support for extending learning in the home. Section 1- Introduction- Creating the Framework for Partnership Working 1. 16 (p. 1 0)| Children needed to have some time indoors and outdoors to enable them to have experiences with movement, games and the study of nature outdoors. | â€Å"The physical development of babies and young children must be encouraged through theprovision of opportunities for them to be active and interactive and to improve their skills ofCoordination, control, manipulation and movement. †Section 2- The Learning and Development Requirements- Physical Development 2. 15 (p. 15)â€Å"Children must be supported in developing the knowledge, skills and understanding thatHelp them to make sense of the world.Their learning must be supported through offeringopportunities for them to use a range of tools safely; encounter creatures, people, plants andobjects in their natural environments and in real-life situations; undertake practical ‘experiments’;And work with a range of materials. †Section 2- The Learning and Development Requirements- Knowledge and Understanding of t he World 2. 13 (p. 14)| The introduction of finger play, singing and rhymes into education. The encouragement of arts and crafts, including literature along with a mathematical understanding. Singing songs, moving and dancing. | â€Å"Children’s creativity must be extended by the provision of support for their curiosity, exploration and play.They must be provided with opportunities to explore and share their thoughts, ideas and feelings, for example, through a variety of art, music, movement, dance, imaginative and role-play activities, mathematics, and design and technology. †Section 2- The Learning and Development Requirements- Creative Development 2. 17 (p. 15)| Children should have the freedom to move around and have healthy sensible food to eat. | â€Å"The physical development of babies and young children must be encouraged through theprovision of opportunities for them to be active and interactive and to improve their skills ofCoordination, control, manipulatio n and movement. They must be supported in using all of their senses to learn about the world around them and to make connections between new information and what they already know.They must be supported in developing an understanding of the importance of physical activity and making healthy choices in relation to food. †Section 2- The Learning and Development Requirements- Physical Development 2. 15 (p. 15)â€Å"Where children are provided with meals, snacks and drinks, these must be healthy, balanced andNutritious. †Section 3- The Welfare Requirements- Safeguarding and Promoting Children’s Welfare (p. 27)| The use of symbolic behaviour within a child’s play. Imaginative play was also important and children should pretend and imagine things to show their highest level of learning. | â€Å"Explores different media and responds to a variety of sensory experiences. Engages inrepresentational play. †Appendix 1- Creative Development (p. 8)â€Å"Children ’s creativity must be extended by the provision of support for their curiosity, explorationand play. They must be provided with opportunities to explore and share their thoughts, ideas and feelings, for example, through a variety of art, music, movement, dance, imaginative androle-play activities, mathematics, and design and technology. †Section 2- The Learning and Development Requirements- Creative Development 2. 17 (p. 15)| The use of activities such as modelling with clay, drawing and making collages were useful in imaginative play. | â€Å"Expresses feelings and preferences in response to artwork, drama and music and makes somecomparisons and links between different pieces.Responds to own work and that of otherswhen exploring and communicating ideas, feelings and preferences through art, music, dance, role-play and imaginative play. †Appendix 1- Creative Development (p. 48)| Encouragement of playing with toys, such as wooden blocks, balls, etc. | â€Å"Finds out about and identifies the uses of everyday technology and uses information andcommunication technology and programmable toys to support her/his learning. †Appendix 1- Knowledge and Understanding of the World (p. 47)â€Å"Experiments with a range of objects and materials showing some mathematical awareness. †Appendix 1- Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy- Shape, Space and Measures (p. 47)| Children should be allowed to play freely (free-flow play). â€Å"on-going observational assessment to inform planning for each child’s continuing developmentthrough play-based activities. †Section 1- Introduction- Laying a Secure Foundation for Future Learning 1. 18 (p. 10)| (Meggitt et al, 2011) (DfCSF, 2008) Maria Montessori (1870-1952) was an Italian doctor who began her work with children with learning difficulties (Montessori, 2004). She was much more focussed on learning through being taught in a structured way, rather than the theory previously discussed of Froebel’s, learning through play (Meggitt et al, 2011). During her studies she found that Froebel’s theory was based more along the philosophical view, rather than the scientific aspect of a child’s learning and development (Montessori and Gutek, 2004).She came to the conclusion that children were active learners and that they passed through sensitive periods of development whilst being particularly responsive to certain areas of learning (Kramer, 1976). Montessori’s theories link with the EYFS because her methods provide an enabling environment for supporting the learning through the commitment of children within the care of the facility. Here is a table showing a summary of Maria Montessori’s ideas and how they link to the EYFS: * Structured teaching programme based on observing children with learning difficulties. * Challenging the difficulties by giving the child a task that they are unable to do, in the hope that they can learn to do it- re lates to EYFS Card 4. – Play and exploration * The use of ‘didactic materials’ to encourage children to use their hands. * Working alone rather than with parents, teachers, carers- this encouraged children to become ‘independent learners. * Polarisation of the attention is where the child is completely silent and focussed on what they are doing- relates to EYFS Card 4. 3- Creativity and critical thinking * Children should learn as part of a graded learning sequence and not through play. Play was allowed once children had completely their learning. * Children are active learners and should learn through role play, working with others, etc. – relates to EYFS Card 4. 2- Active learning (Meggitt et al, 2011)Margaret McMillan used ideas similar to both Froebel and Montessori. She began looking at manual dexterity exercises, similar to those used by Montessori. But as she continued her work, she used more and more of Froebel’s ideas, so they were mu ch more relative to the EYFS. Here is a table of her ideas and how they relate to the EYFS: McMillan| EYFS| First-hand experience and active learning are important. | | Relationships, ideas and feelings are just as important as physical aspects such as moving and learning. | â€Å"Children learn best when they are healthy, safe and secure, when their individual needs areMet and when they have positive relationships with the adults caring for them.The welfarerequirements are designed to support providers in creating settings which are welcoming,safe and stimulating, and where children are able to enjoy learning through play, to grow inConfidence and to fulfil their potential. †Section 3- The Welfare Requirements- Overview of the welfare requirements (p19)â€Å"Positive Relationships describes how children learn to be strong and independent from aBase of loving and secure relationships with parents and/or a key person. The commitmentsare focused around respect; partnership wit h parents; supporting learning; and the role of theKey person. †Section 1- Introduction- A Principled approach (p. 9)| Children become whole people through play and play helps them to apply their knowledge and understanding to life. â€Å"On-going observational assessment to inform planning for each child’s continuing development through play-based activities. †Section 1- Introduction- Laying a secure foundation for future learning (p. 10)â€Å"None of these areas of Learning and Development can be delivered in isolation from the others. They are equally important and depend on each other to support a rounded approach to child development. All the areas must be delivered through planned, purposeful play, with a balance of adult-led and child-initiated activities. †Section 2- The Learning and Development Requirements- Overview of the learning and development requirements (p. 11)â€Å"Children’s creativity must be extended by the provision of support for their curiosity, exploration and play.They must be provided with opportunities to explore and share their thoughts, ideas and feelings, for example, through a variety of art, music, movement, dance, imaginative andRole-play activities, mathematics, and design and technology. †Section 2- The Learning and Development Requirements- Creative Development (p. 15)| Close partnership with parents is important and parents should be encouraged to develop alongside their children. | â€Å"Creating the framework for partnership working between parents and professionals, and between all the settings that the child attends. †Section 1- Introduction- Purpose and aims of the Early Years Foundation Stage 1. 2 (p. )â€Å"Positive Relationships describes how children learn to be strong and independent from aBase of loving and secure relationships with parents and/or a key person. The commitmentsare focused around respect; partnership with parents; supporting learning; and the role o f theKey person. †Section 1- Introduction- Purpose and aims of the Early Years Foundation Stage 1. 11(p. 9)| Nursery schools should be an extension of the home environment and should be welcoming to both parents and children. They should enable children to experience fresh air, trees, rock gardens, vegetables, herbs, fruit trees, sandpits, flowers, lawns and the wilderness. | â€Å"Suitable premises, environment and equipmentOutdoor and indoor spaces, furniture, equipment and toys must be safe and suitable for their purpose. Section 3- The Welfare Requirements- the general welfare requirements (p. 20)â€Å"Wherever possible, there should be access to an outdoor play area, and this is the expectedNorm for providers. In provision where outdoor play space cannot be provided, outings should be planned and taken on a daily basis (unless circumstances make this inappropriate, for example unsafe weather conditions). †Suitable premises, environment and equipment (p. 35)| Child ren cannot learn if they are undernourished, unwell with health problems or poorly looked after. | â€Å"Children learn best when they are healthy, safe and secure, when their individual needs areMet and when they have positive relationships with the adults caring for them.The welfarerequirements are designed to support providers in creating settings which are welcoming,safe and stimulating, and where children are able to enjoy learning through play, to grow inConfidence and to fulfil their potential. †Section 3- The Welfare Requirements- Overview of the welfare requirements (p. 19)| These different theorists have contributed massively to the ways that our government produces their legislation in order to maintain a safe, healthy and educational environment for children to be cared for (Taylor and Field, 2003). 1. 3 Explain why early years frameworks emphasise a personal and individual approach to learning and development â€Å"Valuing children’s individuality, ideas and feelings is an important aspect of developing a personal and individual approach to learning and development† (Meggitt et al, 2011).What we do for the children in our care must be ‘child centred’ and the child is key in all decisions made about their care and education (Sinclair, 2006). All children are different and the EYFS talks about ‘a unique child’ which highlights this point. It recognises that every child is a competent learner right from birth and that they can be resilient, confident, capable and self-assured (DfCSF, 2008). There are different categories of needs that a child may have, which are: * Universal needs- these are fundamental to all children as they are their basic needs including food, drink and shelter. If these are not being met a child will struggle to meet any urther needs, such as education (Super and Harkness, 1986). * Psychological needs- these include love, affection, stable relationships and friendships, intellectual stimulation and independence (Meggitt et al, 2011). These are vital to children as they maintain a child’s quality of life be making them feel self-worthy and loved (Harter, Waters and Whitesell, 2008). * Developmental needs- these are what the child needs in order to develop further educationally (Shelton, 1987). It can be difficult to meet the developmental needs of all children in our care, as they may be at different stages of development; therefore it is best to work as a group but to focus individually on each child (Eccles, 1999).The child’s age, intellectual abilities, emotional development, social skills, experiences, physical abilities and relationships must all be key aspects when working with children to assist with their specific developmental needs (Meggitt et al, 2011). â€Å"The EYFS states that Children are competent learners from birth and develop and learn in a wide variety of ways. All practitioners should, therefore, look carefully at the childre n in their care, consider their needs, their interests, and their stages of development and use all of this information to help plan a challenging and enjoyable experience across all the areas of Learning and Development. † (DfCSF, 2008)When working with children using the EYFS, we value a child’s individuality by considering their ability, personality feelings and ideas to enable us, as childcare workers, to provide an effective learning environment. We have to take into consideration that the rate in which children learn and develop can differ; therefore we must adjust our approaches to each individual child’s abilities. We must recognise and meet each child’s needs considering their age, physical maturity, intellectual ability, emotional development, social skills, past experiences and relationships with others. In order to meet the child’s individual needs, we must observe children in play to establish their current ability. 3. Explain the partn ership model of working with carers â€Å"The parent is a deeply important person to the child, and the relationship between parent and child is always very emotional† (Meggitt et al, 2011). As childcare providers we must develop relationships with children and babies in our care that are consistent, affectionate and warm and this must then be coherent with working in partnership with parents to provide the best quality care and education for these children (Sinclair and Grimshaw, 2006). It is important to remember that the relationships childcare providers have with the children in their care are very different to those that children have with their parents (Lamb, 1999).One of the main aims of the EYFS is to create the framework for partnership working between parents and childcare providers in order for us to identify and address the needs of the child (DfCSF, 2008). As childcare professionals we must remember that all families are different and therefore will have differen t needs and wants for themselves and their children (NCMA, 2009). Most parents will always want the best for their children but sometimes are not sure what is the best and may ask for guidance (Rosenbaum et al, 1998). The only experiences we have of family life are our own, therefore we must respect the values and methods that families have and understand that different parents bring up their children in different ways (David, 2003).Parents will often be open to suggestions from childcare professionals if they seek some guidance but we must not force them to do as we say and must respect their wishes (Curtis and O’Hagen, 2005). Parents have the right to bring their children up as they please, although we may not agree with their methods (Forehand and Nousiainen, 1993). Here are some examples of different parenting methods: * Permissive Parenting- the parents allow the child to do as they please. Childcare providers must have ground rules in place for children to maintain orde r and calm, but if the child has not been taught that they must abide by rules, this could prove very difficult for the childcare provider and other children. Authoritarian Parenting- the parents are very controlling of the behaviour of their children and children must do exactly as they say. This can be difficult for childcare providers, especially if they are asked by the parents to continue rules that are in place in the family home that the childcare provider does not agree with. * Uninvolved Parenting- the parent is neglectful of their child and allows them to be unkempt, dirty, hungry and not meet their basic needs. This is a safeguarding issue and the childcare provider must report this to the appropriate agencies. * Democratic Parenting- the parent sets clear boundaries for the child and shows them physical affection. This would be the way in which many of us will conduct the care of children. (Robinson et al, 1995)A very important part of an effective relationship and partn ership between childcare professional and parents is trust. Parents may have had previous experiences where they have been let down by somebody involved in the care of their child and therefore gained their trust is important to be able to communicate, in order to provide the best possible care and education of the child (Meggitt et al, 2011). The partnership model of working with parents and carers is therefore a mix of all the above points- respect, trust, information gathering and sharing. We can promote this by talking to parents and discussing each child’s day with parents and carers. 3. 2 Review barriers to participation for carers and explain ways in which they can be overcome.The partnership between parents and child care professionals is a viable and essential way to increase the developmental opportunities for children (Christianson, 2003). We’ve talked about the importance of partnership with parents, but this can go wrong, as there are barriers to effective partnership working. Here are some examples of barriers and how they can be overcome: * Parents can often feel guilty or sad about leaving their child and may feel like they are missing out on their child growing up. This may make them feel paranoid that others may judge them for leaving their child, especially if they leave them to enable themselves to have a break and do something for themselves. It is important to make the parent understand that what they are doing is not wrong and nothing to feel guilty about.Focus on some of the positive aspects that the child will be having whilst in a childcare setting, for example, the experiences they will have and the friends they will make. Give the parents some sources of support that will be able to help them through this emotional time. (ways2work, 2010) * Culture and language can be a barrier as our society grows to be more and more multi-cultural we come across different people from other cultures, some that may not use English as t heir first language and may not speak any English at all. This can be overcome by using translating devices such as ‘Google translate’ to communicate and also be used to translate written policies and procedures, which can be printed out and given to parents. The same can be done for newsletters, emails, letters, handover books, etc.This way, the partnership between the parent and childcare professional is not affected because the inability to communicate. (Joint Improvement Team, 2009) We must ensure that parents understand the legal requirements for our country and their rights and responsibilities. This may be different in their country and if it is not explained in the first instance, this could prove a difficult situation. * Different methods of parenting can cause barriers in partnership working as they may be clash with how the childcare provider cares for children in their setting. For example, a parent may use the permissive parenting method which can cause pro blems like the child not following rules and doing exactly what they want.If a parent uses the authoritative, this could cause problems because the parent may want the childcare provider to continue their rules from home, which they may not agree with. These can be overcome by ensuring that parents understand the ground rules, policies and procedures before their child starts attending a setting. This way, difficulties can be overcome and the parent’s wishes are respected. A parent may use the uninvolved method of parenting, which could mean children don’t understand boundaries that are set and they can become withdrawn from the rest of the children in the setting. This can be overcome by explaining to parents the importance of routines and consistency. Hubbs-tait et al, 2008) * Parents may become defensive if they are approached about something that is causing problems for their child. As childcare providers we must communicate with parents if we have any concerns abo ut children to provide the best possible care and education. This can be overcome by being open, approachable and having a friendly attitude. (McClure, 2012) 3. 3 Explain strategies to support carers who may react positively or negatively to partnership opportunities. There are a number of different ways that childcare professionals can have good partnership with parents to enable parents to choose the one that suits them best (Meggitt et al, 2011).Here is a table showing some of the ways in which childcare professionals can work in partnership with parents and the positive and negative aspects of them: Ways to work in partnership| Positive| Negative| Learning Journeys- ‘a continuous journey through which children build on all the things they have already experienced and come across new and interesting challenges. Every child’s learning journey takes a personal path based on their own individual interests, experiences and the curriculum on offer’ (Hutchin, 2007). | * Learning journeys with photos and comments are a great way to show carers all of things that their child has been doing as well as charting their progress. * We might invite the parent to come into the setting to have a look at the learning journey or we may send it home. * Parents that are not so enthusiastic about their child’s learning may not find this method very useful, as they may not want to read through the learning journey. Parents that do not have enough time may not like this method either. | Handover books- a book that goes home for parents to add to, then comes back to the setting for the childcare professionals to write in. Usually just general information about the child’s day is written in this book. | * Parents and childcare professionals are communicating regularly about the progress of the child. * Any trends in the child’s behaviour can be identified easily by just looking back through the book. If parents are in a hurry picking up or d ropping off they may not always want to have a verbal handover, therefore the handover book is much easier as the parent can read it later when they have more time. | * Parents may not find it easy to write down things about the child- may not know what to write. * Parents may not have time to write down things and a quick chat when dropping off or picking up may be quicker and easier. | Verbal handover- when parents or carers drop off or collect the child they may just want to verbally handover how the child has been or if there is anything that the childcare professional may need to know. | * Quick chat is beneficial for parents that have little time before and after work. Parents may find it easier just to have a chat rather than writing information. * Builds trust and friendship between parents and childcare professionals. | * Things are not documented therefore there is no proof that something has been said if you may need it for any problems that could possibly occur. * Inform ation may not be understood by either party. | Newsletter- a letter containing information about topics that are being covered within the setting, any special activities or trips coming up, holidays, new children starting and just general information that parents may need to know. | * Fun and informal way of communicating important information. * Parents may think it is information that is not important and may not read it. | Partnership with parents can be effective but there may be occasions where it can be particularly challenging. As a childcare professional it is important to remain positive about the situation and not give up. Information must be shared with parents by whatever means necessary, whether they reciprocate or not. 3. 4 Explain how effective multi-agency working operates within early year’s provision and benefits children and carers. When working in a caring profession we have a responsibility and a duty of care to the people we are looking after. This means that we must care for them to the best of our ability (Rostgaard and Fridberg, 1998).In order to care for children effectively we must aim to meet all of their needs. As a childcare professional we may not have the knowledge to meet each individual need of the child as it may well be out of our expertise. This is when we must call upon another professional and work together with them to help the child (Sloper, 2004). For multi-agency working to be effective, good communication skills are needed by all professionals involved (Easen, Atkins and Dyson, 2006). The information shared must be relevant and only shared on a ‘need to know’ basis to protect the confidentiality of children and their families (Richardson and Asthana, 2005).Childcare professionals must gain consent from parents regarding the information sharing between other professionals, unless there is a possibility of a child protection issue, then this can be overruled. When sharing information with other prof essionals we must be organised and professional so that we are able to give, receive and record accurate information to ensure that the child’s care is not compromised by poor information sharing (Watson, Townsley and Abbott, 2002). Multi-agency working and partnership with parents are the key factors in good quality care for children. However, partnership with parents can sometimes be difficult but as childcare professionals we must remain positive and not give up as the important thing is to ensure information is given to parents or other professionals by whatever means necessary. Eymp 1 EYMP 1 1. 1 Every child deserves the best possible start in life and the support that enables them to fulfil their potential. Children develop quickly in the early years and a child’s experiences between birth and age five have a major impact on their future life chances. A secure, safe and happy childhood is important in its own right. Good parenting and high quality early learning together provide the foundation children need to make the most of their abilities and talents as they grow up.The Early Years Foundation Stage framework sets the standards that all early years providers must meet to ensure that children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. It promotes teaching and learning to ensure children’s ‘school readiness’ and gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provide the right foundation for good future progress through school and life. The guidance materials are used to ensure settings provide: quality and consi stency in all early years settings, so that every child makes good progress and no child gets left behind; †¢ a secure foundation through learning and development opportunities which are planned around the needs and interests of each individual child and are assessed and reviewed regularly; †¢ partnership working between practitioners and with parents and/or carers; †¢ equality of opportunity and anti-discriminatory practice, ensuring that every child is included and supported. The EYFS framework specifies requirements for learning and development and for safeguarding children and promoting their welfare. . 2 Here is a list of different approaches: Reggio Emilia Montessori Common core Reggio Emilia The Reggio Approach gets it name from its place of origin, Reggio Emilia, a city located in Emilia Romagna in Northern Italy. After the Second World War, Loris Malaguzzi, a young teacher and the founder of this unique system, joined teams with the parents of this region to provide child care for young children. Over the last 50 years, this education system has developed into a unique program that has caught the attention of early childhood educators worldwide.Of special interest is the emphasis on childrens symbolic languages in the context of a project-oriented curriculum. The Reggio Emilia approach is made possible through a carefully articulated and collaborated approach to the care and education of young children. Here are the key points of the Reggio Emilia: Community support and parental involvement Administrative policies and organisational features Teachers as learners The role of the environment Long-term projects as vehicles for learning The hundred languages of children Community support and parental involvementTraditions of community support for families with young children comes from Italy’s cultural view of children as the collective responsibilities of the state. The parents role is the same as the community’s, at both sch ool wide and the classroom level. Parents have to take part in discussions about school policy, child development concerns and curriculum planning and evaluation. Because most parents are employed meetings are held in the evenings so that all who want to take part can do so. Administrative policies and organisational featuresA head administrator reports directly to the town council, who works with a group of curriculum team leaders, each of them coordinates the efforts of teachers from 5 or 6 centres. Each of these centres is staffed by two teacher per classroom, in which there is 12 children in infant classes, 18 in toddlers classes and 24 in pre-primary classes, one teacher trained in arts who works with classroom teachers in curriculum development and documentation and several auxiliary staff. There is no principle, and there is not a hierarchical relationship between teachers.This staffing plan along side with the policy of keeping the same group o children and teachers together for the 3 year period, facilitates the sense of community that characterises relationships between children and adults. Teachers as learners The teacher is considered a co-learner and collaborator with the child and not just an instructor. Teachers are encouraged to facilitate the child's learning by planning activities and lessons based on the child's interests, asking questions to further understanding, and actively engaging in the activities alongside the child, instead of sitting back and observing the child learning.Teachers' long-term commitment to enhancing their understanding of children is at the root of the Reggio Emilia approach. Their resistance to the American use of the term model to describe their program reflects the continuing evolution of their ideas and practices. They compensate for the meager preservice training of Italian early childhood teachers by providing extensive staff development opportunities, with goals determined by the teachers themselves. Teacher a utonomy is evident in the absence of teacher manuals, curriculum guides, or achievement tests.The lack of externally imposed mandates is joined by the imperative that teachers become skilled observers of children in order to inform their curriculum planning and implementation. When working on projects with the child, the teacher can also expand the child's learning by collecting data such as photographs, notes, videos, and conversations that can be reviewed at a later time. The role of the environment The organization of the physical environment is crucial to Reggio Emilia's early childhood program, and is often referred to as the child's â€Å"third teacher†.Major aims in the planning of new spaces and the remodeling of old ones include the integration of each classroom with the rest of the school, and the school with the surrounding community. The importance of the environment lies in the belief that children can best create meaning and make sense of their world through env ironments which support complex, varied, sustained, and changing relationships between people, the world of experience, ideas and the many ways of expressing ideas. The pre-schools tend to be filled with indoor plants and vines, and awash with natural light.Classrooms open to a central piazza, kitchens are open to view and access to the surrounding community is assured through wall sized windows, courtyards, and doors to the outside in each classroom. Long-term projects as vehicles for learning The curriculum is characterized by many features advocated by contemporary research on young children, including real-life problem-solving among peers, with numerous opportunities for creative thinking and exploration. Teachers often work on projects with small groups of children, while the rest of the class engages in a wide variety of self-selected activities typical of preschool classrooms.The projects that teachers and children engage in are different in a number of ways from those that c haracterize American teachers' conceptions of unit or thematic studies. The topic of investigation may derive directly from teacher observations of children's spontaneous play and exploration. Project topics are also selected on the basis of an academic curiosity or social concern on the part of teachers or parents, or serendipitous events that direct the attention of the children and teachers. Reggio teachers place a high value on their ability to improvise and respond to children's predisposition to enjoy the unexpected.Regardless of their origins, successful projects are those that generate a sufficient amount of interest and uncertainty to provoke children's creative thinking and problem-solving and are open to different avenues of exploration. Because curriculum decisions are based on developmental and sociocultural concerns, small groups of children of varying abilities and interests, including those with special needs, work together on projects. Projects begin with teachers o bserving and questioning children about the topic of interest.Based on children's responses, teachers introduce materials, questions, and opportunities that provoke children to further explore the topic. While some of these teacher provocations are anticipated, projects often move in unanticipated directions as a result of problems children identify. Therefore, curriculum planning and implementation revolve around open-ended and often long-term projects that are based on the reciprocal nature of teacher-directed and child-initiated activity. All of the topics of interest are given by the children.Within the project approach, children are given opportunities to make connections between prior and new knowledge while engaging in authentic tasks. The hundred languages of children As children proceed in an investigation, generating and testing their hypotheses, they are encouraged to depict their understanding through one of many symbolic languages, including drawing, sculpture, dramatic play, and writing. They work together toward the resolution of problems that arise. Teachers facilitate and then observe debates regarding the extent to which a child's drawing or other form of representation lives up to the expressed intent.Revision of drawings and of ideas is encouraged, and teachers allow children to repeat activities and modify each other's work in the collective aim of better understanding the topic. Teachers foster children's involvement in the processes of exploration and evaluation, acknowledging the importance of their evolving products as vehicles for exchange. (Source: www. reggiokids. com and Children and Young Peoples Workforce, Meggitt, Kamen, Bruce, Grenier) Maria Montessori She began her work as a doctor in one of the poorest areas in Rome, in the beginning of the 1900s.She worked with children with learning difficulties. She spend hours observing children. This is one of the strengths of her work. Her conclusion, which is now supported by modern re search that children pass through sensitive periods of development when they are particularly receptive to particular areas of learning. She saw children as active learners, just like Piaget. Here is a summary of Montessori’s ideas: She put together a structured teaching programme, which she based on her observations of children with learning difficulties. The work of an educator called Seguin, was also used by Maria Montessori.He had given manual dexterity exercises to children with physical disabilities. He done this as he believed that if they could learn to use their hands, they would then be able to get a job later on in life She designed a set of didactic materials, as she called them, which encouraged children to use their hands. She stressed the importance that children should work alone. She thought that this would help them become independent learners. For Montessori the highest point of a child’s learning is what she like to call the polarisation of the atte ntion.Montessori didn’t see the point in play, didn’t encourage children’s own ideas, until they had worked through all her graded learning sequence. Montessori has had more impact and influence on private schools than on the maintained sector of education. Common Core The Common Core of Skills and Knowledge for the children's workforce – often referred to as the Common Core – sets out the basic skills and knowledge needed by people whose work (paid or voluntary) brings them into regular contact with children, young people and families. It supports integrated working by contributing to the use of a common language.The skills and knowledge included in the Common Core have been divided into six key areas: Effective communication and encouragement with children, young people and families. Children and young people development. Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the child. Supporting transitions Multi-agency working Sharing information It aims t o promote quality, respect diversity and challenge stereotypes, helping to improve the life chances of all children and young people. Also providing more effective and integrated services. At the same time it cknowledges the rights of children and young people, and the role of parents, carers and families. (Source: http://webarchive. nationalarchives. gov. uk and Children and Young Peoples Workforce, Meggitt, Kamen, Bruce, Grenier) 1. 3 Early years frameworks emphasise a personal and individual approach to learning and development because valuing children’s individuality, ideas and feelings is an important aspect in developing. It is necessary to meet the universal needs of all children, these are physical and biological needs such as food, drink, and shelter which are essential to survival.There is also psychological needs such as love, affection, secure and stable relationships, friendships intellectual stimulation, and independence. These are essential to maintain the indi viduals quality of life. A child’s needs vary from child to child as each child is an individual and not any two are the same. It can be difficult to meet the needs of children in child care settings when they are grouped together according to age. Some children will have developmental needs which are in line with the expected â€Å"norm† for their chronological age, whereas others will have needs which are characteristic of much older or younger children.Once recognised, the child’s needs can then be met. When doing this it is important to consider each childs age, physical maturity, intellectual abilities, emotional development, social skills, past experiences and relationships. 3. 2 Here is a list of barriers to participation for parents and carers: Concerns about welfare, development and learning of a child Parents becoming angry or upset Parents and carers with other priorities Parents and carers having prejudicial attitudes Differences in rules and expecta tionsThis can be overcome by talking to the parent or carer in a way that shows concern for the child, and not criticising the parent or carer. The conversation can also be held in a private and confidential space, with a clear focus on the childs best interests. This can be overcome by staying calm and talking calmly offering some where private to talk. 3. 3 As carers are individuals there is no one way to have a partnership with parents/carers, there needs to be a whole range of ways for parents to access partnerships in order for them to find the one that is most suitable for them.These may include diaries to communicate between home and the setting, meetings within in the setting, workshops run by the setting, open days and parents evenings. 3. 4. Multi agency working helps the different services and professionals to join together to prevent problems occurring in the first place. This means that practitioners can work with parents and carers to help them access and organise the different services and provisions that may be helpful to them.