Past Terrorist Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction Research Paper

Past Terrorist Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction - Research Paper Example Terrorism is a multi-causal phenomenon (Sommer, 2010) and involves a combination of varied factors including psychological, social, cultural, political, economic, as well as religious. Hence explaining the action in a concise and restricted definition would be highly erroneous and disillusioning. For the purpose of this study the term WMD would be defined to include any act of terrorism by an individual or an organization carried out on a large scale using chemical, biological or other weapons intended to cause irreparable damage to the property and lives of human beings; and disrupt the economic and social structure of the targeted region. Researchers have suggested various factors as key causes behind such acts of aggression, in a bid to understand the psyche of the terrorists. These factors range from local ethnic clashes to public outrage and dissent against international forces mainly arising due to differences in religious and cultural ideologies (Cordesman, 1989; DiGiovanni, 1999). Most of the researchers are of the opinion that most of such acts are carried out by individuals or groups belonging to terrorist organizations with a view to achieving their organizational missions (Gambetta, 2006). The use of WMD by terrorists has been in existence for several decades now and continues to remain as a potential threat to the United States as well as rest of the world. This paper aims to assess and analyze the use of weapons of mass destruction by terrorists by way of various case studies.

Good VS Evil Essay Example for Free

Good VS Evil Essay There are many different gangs; some only allow certain races or colors to be considered part of the gang. Other gangs require an entrance fee which includes doing something to prove you are worthy to become part of the gang. This is anywhere from sexual acts to thievery to violent crimes to include killing people. The age range of gangs varies tremendously and includes ages from 9 years to 40 years and even beyond in some cases. There is a gang called The Satanic Cult who is based in the Gaithersburg, MD area. Their actions are pretty synonymous with their name. They practice in the ways of ritual animal and human sacrifices. Those that were not Caucasians were not allowed as well as those who had brown hair. The age range varies within this gang and there is no specific entry fee but the moment the gang feels you are no longer part of the gang they will then kill you. The Crips are from Los Angeles and are predominantly African American. This gang is one of the largest in the US and is involved in numerous murders, robberies, drugs and other various forms of criminal activity. They are also always in open warfare with the Bloods, also from Los Angeles. The Bloods are similar to the Crips and were originally the Crips back in 1970 until an internal war started which separated the original gang. The bloods show much disrespect to the Crips and are generally involved in the same thing as the Crips. Both can be found in the US and Military databases as threats. The Mexican mafia, yet another faction in Los Angeles teaches their children from a very young age on how to hold and operate a gun, helps their friends and neighbors with drugs, mainly heroin and is prevalent with car jackings so that the parts can be sold on the black market. Everything this gang does is done broadly and openly among all family members, regardless of their age. In Oregon there is a different type of gang and that is the outlaw motorcycle related gangs. One of these gangs is called the Mongrols and have four different chapter is the Eugene and Central Oregon area. Their ultimate punishment for infractions is to beat to death, the person who allegedly did wrong against the club. Their main operations include motorcycle jackings, drugs, prostitution, trafficking, and assaults and have additional chapters in both Australia and Germany. There is an estimated 1 million gang members throughout the US. The majority of them are involved in various criminal activities and there are only a few gangs who do good. Motorcycle gangs from The American Legions across the US do rides together for the benefit of children. So even though this is a small percentage, it goes to show not all gangs are bad, granted the majority of them are. References Alonso, A. Los Angeles Gangs (c. 1999) http://www. streetgangs. com/history/history. html Mac. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Flying Colors in Oregon. 2008 http://nwhog. wordpress. com/2008/05/08/outlaw-motorcycle-gangs-flying-colors-in-oregon/

The 21st Century School Librarian Essay -- Education

The 21st Century school librarian is no longer just the caretaker of the book collection. Technology is transforming the education system and the way children are taught. This paper discusses the many roles and issues that the teacher-librarian plays in creating a flexible 21st Century learning environment. 21ST Century School Library Media Specialist The roles discussed in the articles written by school librarians Mashriqi (2011), Ballard (2008), and Marcoux (2010) were similar in strategies needed for running an effective media center today. The common theme was the importance in being able to evaluate what will help the school meet the needs of todays learners and to connect the curriculum with â€Å"hands-on† learning experiences. By demonstrating knowledge and current technological skills the media specialist connects the library with teachers, students, administration and parents with information and resources to promote literacy. Technology integration is accomplished by using resources that reflect content standards. To focus on the relationship between education technology and student learning engaging games is one way to achieve the goals with positive results. Digital Tools Todays’ school library media specialist applies trends related to the use of technology in education to support integration throughout the curriculum. Being literate in the 21st Century involves teaching both â€Å"traditional† literacy and how to read and produce the kinds of texts typical of the emerging information and multimedia age. Benthem (2010) points out that to have an effective school library program it needs to be an ongoing work in progress. Literacy development does impact student learning through the use of digital technologies, includ... ...upport emergent literacy skill development for young children at-risk or who have disabilities. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(3), 233-239. Peterson, J. (2011). Finding focus: Using digital cameras in library programming. Children & Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children, 9(3), 48-51. Poinier, S., & Alevy, J. (2010). Our instruction does matter! Data collected from students' works cited speaks volumes. Teacher Librarian, 37(3), 38-39. Sugar, W., & Holloman, H. (2009). Technology leaders wanted: Acknowledging the leadership role of a technology coordinator. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 53(6), 66-75. Zabel, D., & Hickey, D. (2011). The reuse evangelist: Taking ownership of copyright questions at your library. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 51(1), 9-11.

Would You Like Ketchup With That Dollar? :: Essays Papers

Would You Like Ketchup With That Dollar? Money does not satiate the stomach, only the food it purchases can. Material possessions contain the lowest number of kilocalories-per-gram (i.e. none) when compared to fatty acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Power tends to be nutrient deficient (eggs, however, are quite functional). And, as of yet, science has been unable to show any effects (positive or negative) of elite membership upon the area of the brain related to hunger -- the hypothalamus. Food is the most basic and essential component of human existence, next to air, of course. In the last instance, it -- not wealth, power, or status -- matters most. Period. Yet, its sheer abundance in the core nations of the world remains unparalleled in most or all of human history. So much so, that it goes scarcely noticed anymore. In the market it is viewed as a commodity to be bought and sold, an abstraction of itself, not real or tangible. In the grocery store the abstraction, through clever marketing and advertising, becomes a heavily constructed and objectified notion of reality. Meanwhile, the consumer remains alienated and detached from one of the elements most antecedent to life and existence. I have read of some -- great Yogis of the East, who, through their enlightened communion with the Divine, are able to transcend any physical need of sustenance. But, the revelations of Sages remain lost to most of us, too caught up in the mayhem of capitalistic endeavors to even think about such mysticism. The commodification of food and the industrialization of agriculture have removed us from the cadences of nature. With time, industrial agriculture is proving more and more unsustainable, less reliable and wonderful than it is touted to be. While large agribusiness continues to strive for greater crop yields, increased mechanization, lower labor costs, more acreage, new technologies, consolidations -- maximum profits -- farmers are striving to feed their families, to keep their land, and to justify their existence as farmers. If traditional farming is not dead already, it is surely dying. Yet, there are some who refuse to allow the fields to lay forever fallow.

Demography of China Essay

The demographic situation in People’s Republic of China is one of the burning issues nowadays widely discussed in the global community. Today, China’s population is over 1. 3 billion, the largest of any country in the world. So every 5th person in the world is coming from China. The population of China is greater than the entire world 150 years ago. Every year the population of China increases by 14 million people (the number of people in Texas or Chile). Each decade it increases by about 130 million (more than the population of Japan). About 39,000 new people are added every day. Cultural prerequisites for such family expanding tradition: The Chinese traditionally prefer early marriage, early child-bearing, and large families. Each married women usually raises between five and six children. The Chinese say: â€Å"†¦ more children means great happiness†. Population Problems in China. There is a great number of social, economic and environmental problems evoked by the demographic situation. * High unemployment rate. The competition to find a job is very high and as Chinese people saying themselves: â€Å"I’m frightened for my children`s future, China’s biggest problem is the population†. As a result a lot of people migrate to a bigger cities or to neighboring countries to seek for a job. * Water and food shortages. As the world’s population increases, so too does its need for food and water – the two resources which are absolutely necessary to sustain life. The Asian giant has been warned by one of its own groundwater experts to either cut its food production or else face â€Å"dire† water levels, especially in the dry northwest plains. If not, aquifers will sink to â€Å"dire† levels not seen in 30 years. For example, the yellow river is dying up. The river has been overused and abused. Dozens of dams block its flow, drawing off huge quantities of water to grow cotton in the desert. * Housing shortages. China has an acute shortage of housing, attributable not only to the large annual increases in population (over 10 million a year) that must be accommodated but also to the long-standing policy of directing investment funds into heavy industry rather than into housing and other social amenities. As a result of expensive housing, people are forced o live in poor conditions and share a flat with big number of people. * Chronic air and water pollution problems are now evident in rural and urban areas throughout the country. China didn’t join Kiyoto protocol, so having a well- developed industry it keeps on emitting CO2 in great quantities. Air pollution is all over China, even harming the most picturesque locations. Acid rain is also a common place. * All of these are issues that the Chinese government must struggle and find a lot of solutions in order improve the lives of its people.

Democracy and the Constitution essays

Democracy and the Constitution essays In the excerpt from 21 Debated, the authors discuss their opinions on why the Constitution is such a vital part of our political system. They offer suggestions on how our government could rekindle the passion for the democratic system that was so prevalent during the past century and a half. The authors also acknowledge the apathy displayed by todays citizens over the democratic process as well as reasons for the discontent. I will examine the articles and discuss their meaning. Although the Constitution is a nearly flawless document, the system that was spawned from its creation has issues that need addressing. The Constitution is simply a set of rules about making rules. It is full of regulations and principles, such as the separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. Overall, the Constitution is the outline of our government and political processes. It is unbelievable how little the Constitution has changed in over two hundred years withstanding all the political turmoil this country has been through. Jonathan Schnell and Sebastian Mallaby view the Constitution in two different views. Jonathan Schnell believes the Constitution yields too much power to Congress. Similarly, Sebastian Mallaby considers the Constitution disallows power to the people by having elections every two and four years. The two authors discuss various faults in our democratic process. Jonathan Schell notes the difference between the impeachments of President Nixon and President Clinton as abuses of power in the office. Whereas Nixon was accused of using government forces to work for him, Clintons crime was more self-disrespecting. In each case however, the bodies of the government became part of a trial. Charges are brought up against the President and the Senate holds the trial. The whole process is presided by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. But to pr ...

Why study policing History essays

Why study policing History essays To study history itself is not to just present facts but allows for interpretations of the past and establishes meanings through the researching of historical documentations left by people of other times and places. To understand the past, is to understand the present and the future to come. History allows for interpretations and evaluation of contemporary way of life and provides sociological perspectives into the many questions that surround the never-ending issues associating with the way things are done in the modern society. Policing dates back during the Anglo-Saxon times in England, where Kings demanded loyalty and obedience from those who were serving him, in return he provided security and protected them from invaders. Kind Alfred the Great (ruled from 871 till he died in 899 ) formulated the codes of law back in that era, thus the type of internal police force evolved prior to what most people would consider the creation of policing. As noted above, the history of policing does not begin with the implementation of Sir Robert Peels principles of policing which established the Metropolitan Police in 1829. For the centuries between King Alfred and Peels principles - law and order depended upon the parish constable who was a household chosen by fellow villagers or townsmen to serve for one year. The constables duty was to arrest wrongdoers and bring them before the justice of peace. Watchmen also were employed to help constables and patrol the streets at night. It is clear that policing has had diverse roles and operations within its historical content, yet the underlying purpose has been to preserve order and stability within the society. The study of policing history is vital because it allows for the past theories of policing to be differentiated from modern policing however the permanence of police organisations, the stability of the profession and the occupational sub-cu ...

Weed Is it Good Or Bad essays

Weed Is it Good Or Bad essays Legalizing drugs in America is one of the talked about topics in todays day and age. With the increase in drug addiction in the United States some say it would be better to just legalize the majority of drugs and tell people of the good and bad side effects so that it will be the consumers fault for taking the drug, not the producer who is rightfully to blame. Others believe that legalizing drugs is the opposite way in which the United States intends to go and that marijuana is a treacherous drug that has permanent side effects and is psychologically addictive. Leading consumers to believe that some drugs are more addictive then other drugs is falsifying facts because all drugs are addictive and all drugs are dangerous that is the same thing as saying not all candy causes cavities when all candy does cause cavities and excessive amounts are harmful. Gore Vidal the author of Drugs says that Yet it seems most unlikely that any reasonable sane person will become a drug addict if he knows in advance what addiction is going to be like. Marijuana better know as weed or pot proves this statement wrong because weed seems to be a harmless drug but in reality it is one of the most dominate and dangerous drugs in todays society. Marijuana is called a gateway drug because it leads to uses of more deadly drugs such as heroin, speed, cocaine and crack just to name a few. It has been stated that The risk of using cocaine has been estimated to be more than 104 times greater for those who have tried marijuana than for those who have never tried it(NIH 5 ). Once people get all the good side effects from marijuana they will want to get a better longer lasting effect from other drugs which can be very detrimental. Marijuana can be even more treacherous when mixed with other drugs such as coke, PCP, and embalming fluid which is the latest craze but mixing these drugs with marijuana cause s ...

Commercial Law and Transactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Commercial Law and Transactions - Essay Example 30). This rule states that if a bona fide purchaser unknowingly purchases and subsequently sells stolen goods, he will be held liable in common law for the whole market price of those goods as at the date of transaction (Atiyah, 2005, p. 28). Common law states that the proper owner of the goods retains the legal title; as such, the nemo dat rule applies to the successive bona fide purchasers, implying that the actual owner can successfully bring an action against the fifth bona fide purchaser in trover as decided in Beverly Acceptances Ltd. v. Oakley, (1982) RTR 417.1 Goode (2004, p. 16) notes that even though this rule was put in place to protect the true owners of personal property and to allow them to assert their superior title over anyone else over the property, the rule propagates to a greater extent injustice to bona fide purchasers. Besides, it propagates injustice to third parties who are innocent making them lose their claim the moment the true owner appears to assert his t itle (Sealy, Hooley, and Hooley, 2008, p. 23). Therefore, in order to prevent injustice on the bona fide purchaser and third parties, there are a number of exceptions to nemo dat rule which have been put in place in English law as noted in Lowther v. Harris, (1927) 1 K.B 393.2 It is worth noting that these exceptions only provide a certain degree of protection to the bona fide purchaser and innocent third parties as well as well as the true or original owner (Goode, p. 2009, p. 45). In the English Law, this principle is clarified under the Sale of Goods Act. The Sale of Goods Act 1994 specifies that the seller has to fulfil certain responsibilities before goods are sold legally. Rose (2001, p. 14) says that one of the most important clause of this rule is the ‘retention of title’ that allows the seller to retain the title of goods until the goods have been fully paid for. This clause forms a crucial part of any standard conditions and standard of sale. In Coventry Shepa rd & Co. v Great Eastern Railway Co., (1883) 11 QBD 776 it was decided that the original owner or the person authorised to sell the goods by its owner has the right to sell the goods and the buyer is enabled to enjoy possession of those goods free from any interference from any other party.3 As has been noted, there are several statutory exceptions to the nemo dat rule and they include the following: The first exception is estoppel, which implies that the buyer will acquire the title of the goods if the owner of the goods asserts right to sell. Bridge (1997, p. 18) explains that estoppels may be raised through the following ways; conduct, words, and negligence. Estoppel by conduct is whereby the owner’s conduct indicates that he has the right to sell the goods as decided in Henderson & Co v Williams [1895] 1 QB 521.4 Estoppel by words is whereby there is an express authority by the owner that the seller has the right to dispose of the goods (Markesinis and Munday 1998, p. 34) . Estoppel by negligence arises when the owner carelessly allows his goods to come into possession of a different person and that rogue goes ahead and sells it to innocent third

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 17

History - Essay Example n the widening of the gap between the haves and the have-nots, which in turn results to an increase in levels of crime in the form of drug trafficking and abuse, and theft and burglary among other criminal activities. Politically, oil affects society as the ruling elite strive to acquire and sustain control of oil wells or the oil business, and make political decisions in such a way that the supply of oil would not be affected negatively. This essay reviews the role of oil in determining the social, political and economic history of the United States over the years since the 1970s to the present. In 1973, the United States government decided to supply the Israeli military with artillery and other war requirements during the Yom Kippur war. This stirred a response by the Arab country members of the OPEC who withdrew from the organisation that was the primary oil producer at the time (Pelletià ¨re 140). The United States took the blame for disrupting oil supply and creating the possibility of high prices of oil and a possible recession, which resulted in tensed relationship with other countries. These countries included some European countries and Japan, all of whom took measures that could have cut ties with the United States. Moreover, Regan lost the presidency to Bush owing to his poor policies when the country needed him, especially by opting to commit resources to fight communism instead of fighting poverty back home. This shortage of oil had an economic role in the stock market crash of 1973 to 1974, which resulted in loss of investments in the stock market. When the Arab countries realised the impact that oil shortage had on the world, they decided to practise price control measures, which resulted in a sustained increases of prices in the United States over the years. This resulted in an increasing price of goods and services, and resulted to deterioration of living standards in the United States, which mostly affected the poor and minorities with the

How convincing is Porters model of national competitive advantage in Essay - 3

How convincing is Porters model of national competitive advantage in explaining the characteristics and performance of the business systems of major economies - Essay Example There are some critical factors within this model such as demand and factor conditions, firm’s strategy, competition and structure, chance factors, supporting and related industries, and government intervention. Porter’s model of national competitiveness is regarded as an appropriate framework for evaluating firm’s competitive position. On the contrary, this model is not considered as a suitable framework from economist’s perspective. It is stated as a model that helps to determine competitive position of a company rather than a country or nation. This study would reveal real world scenarios where Porters model was beneficial enough to analyze competitive position of nations. The study has been divided into various subsections where theoretical model will be elaborated along with its application on nations. Michael Porter designed a new model to analyze the reason behind firms belonging to specific nations happen to design better strategies in comparison to other firms. Porter took into consideration ten countries such as UK, Germany, USA, South Korea, Japan, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Singapore and Switzerland (Davies and Ellis, 2000). The main objective for designing this model was to identify why some regions possesses competitive advantage compared to rest. Diamond model was designed by Michael Porter was to predict sector’s or country’s competitive advantage. This particular model has been elaborated in figure1. As per figure1, this model helps in designing a structure required for achieving competitive position in a sector. The factors of this model play a significant role in context of achieving competitiveness for long-term (Smit, 2010). All the factors represented within diamond model are determinants of sectors. These factors encompass skills and assets which are important for competitive advantage of an industry. It even consists of information that provides guidance

Account for globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Account for globalization - Essay Example Since globalization is an incomplete process, it is a work-in-progress, and the result is unknown. Therefore, no one knows how a global society would look. There are several factors accelerating the process of social change. These factors include institutions, technology, ideas, and value. The traditional communities that practice hunting and gathering are difficult to change. Unlike the traditional society, the modern societies are differentiated and open to change. The can change to non-food producing activities that may lead to innovations. In addition, globalization has economic, cultural, social and ideological aspects. Therefore, globalization in economic terms is very simple. The process of globalization has shortened the distance between people and the rest of the world. Though geographically far apart, people can easily exchange goods and ideas using the new technologies. They will exchange goods and services the same way they would when they were close to each other. Globalization has also revealed that the global challenges and problems can be very different. The difference is the same to the problems replicated across states and those understood at the global level. One of the problems replicated across the global societies is the financial crisis that started in the United States. The crisis spread to all nations, and most countries experienced challenging economic cycles. Some of the global societies have not completely healed from the crisis while others have recovered. The global warming is another problem felt at the global level. The global warming challenge is a result of changing climates, and this problem is still a global concern. The problem cannot be solved by individual persons or states but requires global states to participate in suggesting measures to eradicate the phenomenon. The global warming and financial cases are

Second midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Second midterm - Essay Example ar II, which also gets described as the short American century, represented a period of continuous prosperity for the American government and its economy. The shift in the international economic order has led to the US citizens’ increasing sense of disempowerment. The changes witnessed in the classical world economy have decreased the US government’s effectiveness in managing its economy. The change from the Bretton woods based international economic system to a greater international economic integration based system has seen the US lose grip on it domestic economy. The Bretton wood’s system had contributed to the US leading the international economic order between the 1940s and 1970s. The Bretton wood’s system had allowed America to focus on the politics of its national security through the international economic integration it promoted. Through the Bretton wood’s system, the US spent less of its money in rebuilding the economies of Western Europe and Japan. The collapse of the Bretton Wood’s system meant that the US had to put preference in international markets over its domestic considerations of national security. The new contemporary international economic world order has seen countries such as China and Singapore also emerge as serious global economic powerhouses. With the new found international economic system, the relevance of the dollar has dwindled as each and every country strives to use their currency as a means of trade. The US massive foreign debt has inflicted heavily on the predominance held before by its dollar as an international currency. The contemporary international economy that took over the American led Bretton Wood’s system has also allowed for almost every country in the globe to engage in international trade, finance, and investment (Frieden 153). Under the previous classical economic order, only the US and its closest allies had control in setting up terms for international trade. The changing global environment created

Account for globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Account for globalization - Essay Example Since globalization is an incomplete process, it is a work-in-progress, and the result is unknown. Therefore, no one knows how a global society would look. There are several factors accelerating the process of social change. These factors include institutions, technology, ideas, and value. The traditional communities that practice hunting and gathering are difficult to change. Unlike the traditional society, the modern societies are differentiated and open to change. The can change to non-food producing activities that may lead to innovations. In addition, globalization has economic, cultural, social and ideological aspects. Therefore, globalization in economic terms is very simple. The process of globalization has shortened the distance between people and the rest of the world. Though geographically far apart, people can easily exchange goods and ideas using the new technologies. They will exchange goods and services the same way they would when they were close to each other. Globalization has also revealed that the global challenges and problems can be very different. The difference is the same to the problems replicated across states and those understood at the global level. One of the problems replicated across the global societies is the financial crisis that started in the United States. The crisis spread to all nations, and most countries experienced challenging economic cycles. Some of the global societies have not completely healed from the crisis while others have recovered. The global warming is another problem felt at the global level. The global warming challenge is a result of changing climates, and this problem is still a global concern. The problem cannot be solved by individual persons or states but requires global states to participate in suggesting measures to eradicate the phenomenon. The global warming and financial cases are

School Reformation Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

School Reformation Policies - Essay Example First of all, I would suggest smaller classes with more and highly qualified teachers for disabled students and those with special needs and backgrounds. In addition to reducing the number of students per teacher, more care and time must be afforded to these groups. This would help even the achievement gap that has not been emphasized on at all, in NCLB. For example, both blacks and whites are seen to be equally improving and so the gaps are still left unchecked. This must not be the case, and extra attention must be paid to correct this gap. Special students like the blind for instance, during examinations, must have provisions to have questions read out to them.Secondly, I would urge for measurement of improvement and academic progress per student as opposed to the collective assessment under NCLB. It is possible for schools to retain high ratings even at high achievement gaps since NCLB only measures average school performance. Achieving 100% same-state standards by 2014 as is env isioned in the Act is unrealistic, to say the least as many variables are often involved especially in disability cases. This is a simple illusion.Carris’ Ghosts of No Child Left Behind (2011) further states that the NCLB Act requires only a bare minimum of standards to be met without specific attention to any further improvement beyond the set minimum. It simply groups everyone together as one and discourages any personal talent and improvement in the long run, as all students are simply to be above average. Gifted students are awfully maligned and their enhancement disregarded hence. In some states like Michigan, state funding for gifted and talented programs was cut by up to 90% in the year after the Act became law. I am also of strong opinion that cutting funds for ‘failing’ schools only serves to hinder even more, any chances they have to regroup and improve performance potential. On the contrary, it is my belief that such schools

Occupational Safety and Health Administration Essay Example for Free

Occupational Safety and Health Administration Essay

The Amelogenesis Imperfecta Health And Social Care Essay

The Amelogenesis Imperfecta Health And Social Care Essay Your sister has noticed that the teeth of her young son are discoloured and has taken him to the dentist. After a series of tests, the condition of X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta is diagnosed. She asks you, a dental student, to explain the reason for this condition. Particularly, she would like to understand why, in this condition, the enamel is malformed, how the enamel differs from normal and the reason her son, but not her, or her husband is affected. Learning outcomes 1. To explain and understand normal enamel formation. 2. To identify the different types of AI and their presentation. 3. To describe the genetic code and various types of genetic mutations that can be found. 4. To understand and describe the phrases; autosomal dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance and X-linked recessive inheritance. 5. To identify the genes associated with AI. Introduction Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder that affects tooth development and results in the abnormal formation of tooth enamel. In the above scenario our nephew has been diagnosed with X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta. Below I will explore the proposed learning outcomes and take a closer look at the inherited disease. Explain and understand normal enamel formation. The teeth are composed of three mineralised tissues; enamel, dentine and cementum, which surround the inner unmineralised dental pulp. [1] The dental pulp is the only living part of the tooth and is made up of connective tissue, odontoblasts and nerves. It supplies the outer mineralised layers with a supply of organic compounds and the odontoblasts help with the creation and repair old dentin. The nerves inside the pulp are also very sensitive and alert an individual of any injury or trauma that may occur. If the pulp is exposed to bacteria, infections are likely. [2] [3]http://www.dentalhealth.ie/common/images/legacy/dhp/pic_stuctureoftooth.gif Cementum can be found below the gum line covering the dentin and root of the tooth. It helps to anchor the tooth and protect the root. It is continuously formed through life by cementoblasts in the dental pulp as it prone to destruction. [4] [6] FIG.1 Basic tooth structureDentine is made up of tiny tubules and is the most abundant of the three mineralised tissues. It acts as support beneath the enamel covering and has a protective function to the dental pulp. Dental pulp, cementum and dentine are all derived from the mesencymal origin. [5] [7] FIG.2 Enamel structure The head is orientated superficially and the tail towards the tooth root http://www.kck.usm.my/ppsg/histology/e_2_0.jpg Lastly enamel which is derived from the ectoderm is made up of primarily crystalline calcium phosphate and is the outermost component of the tooth and covers the dental crown. The calcium hydroxyapatite enamel crystals are arranged as keyhole shaped rods that span the full thickness of the enamel layer (see fig.2). The enamel crystals have a parallel orientation and any gaps between the rods are filled with further crystals. Enamel is the hardest most mineralised structure found in the human body. [4] [8] Enamel is formed by the process of amelogenesis after dentine is formed in the process of dentinogenesis. There are four main stages to amelogenesis; Presecretory, secretory, maturation and post maturation. [1] [9] FIG.3 Basic tooth structureThe presecretory stage starts with proliferation of the oral epithelium to form the dental lamina, further proliferation with occur at the site of each future tooth and there will be an outgrowth of cells; this is called the bud stage. This bud of cells then enlarges and develops a cavity in the cap stage and further growth and development will lead to the development of four recognisable layers in the bell stage. Finally the internal enamel epithelium will cease to divide and the dental lamina will degenerate leaving being the early developing tooth. [1] In the secretory stage a partially mineralised enamel matrix is deposited directly on the surface of the previously formed dentin by adjacent secretory stage ameloblasts. [1] The organic partially mineralised matrix is produced as a result of the combined actions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and secretory granules. The ameloblasts will move away when the first layer of enamel is deposited on the dentine allowing the Tomess process to develop at the secretory pole of each ameloblasts. The Tomess process is responsible for the formation of enamel rods as it lays down the crystals of the enamel matrix. The ameloblasts lie adjacent to the stratum intermedium which contains alkaline phosphotase which is responsible for calcification of the tooth enamel. These ameloblasts continue to produce the enamel matrix until full thickness is reached. [4] Maturation of the partially mineralised enamel matrix involves the removal of organic material and the continuous influx of calcium and phosphate. [4] Maturation stage ameloblasts differentiate from secretory stage ameloblasts and they now contain high numbers of mitochondria to carry out their function as a transport epithelium moving substances into and out of the maturing enamel. The maturing enamel matrix contains four main types of protein; amelogenins, ameloblastins, enamelins and tuftelins. The amelogenins are important in maintaining the spaces between the enamel rods and the ameloblasts control the elongation of the enamel crystals, both of these proteins are removed from the mature enamel. Enamelins undergo cleavage as the enamel matures and will only be found on the surface of the crystals.Tuftelins are present in mature enamel and responsible for hypomineralisation. [1] [4] In the final stage of post maturation the enamel organ will degenerate and the tooth will erupt and become exposed to the oral environment. [1][4] Identify the different types of AI and their presentation. Amelogenesis imperfecta is a group of hereditary disease that affects both the primary and secondary dentition. It results in the enamel becoming hypoplastic, hypomineralised, discoloured and sensitive. [10] There are four main types of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) that have been identified because of their differences in enamel defects that present in patients. In Hypoplastic AI (type1) the enamel is of normal colour but much thinner as the enamel has not formed to normal thickness, the enamel can also have pits and grooves due to the disturbance in differentiation of ameloblastins. In hypomaturation(type 2) AI the teeth are of normal shape but have a mottled, dark, opaque appearance and chip away easily from the underlying dentine because of a change to the rod structure. Hypocalcified AI (type 3) has poor enamel mineralisation and a defect in its matrix structure making it very soft and susceptible to abrasion; its appearance is dark and chips easily. [1] [11] (see fig.4).http://www.ojrd.com/content/figures/1750-1172-2-17-1-l.jpg Finally hypoplasia (type 4) AI is a combination of hypoplastic and hypomaturation AI. It is characterised by a reduction in enamel thickness and the enamel has a yellow brown mottled appearance. [13] [12] FIG.4 Phenotypic descriptions of amelogenesis imperfecta. hypoplastic (a, b, c, d), dysmineralised (e, f), hypocalcified (g, h) hypomineralised form (e and f) The hypomaturation forms (g, h) Describe the genetic code and various types of genetic mutations that can be found. [15] FIG.5 Genetic information is encoded in the base sequence of DNA molecules as a series of genes. The genetic code describes how base sequences are interpreted into amino acid sequences during protein synthesis via transcription and translation. [14] http://sjesci.wikispaces.com/file/view/DNA-to-codon.gif/155543209/DNA-to-codon.gif The DNA sequence of a gene is divided into a set of three bases called a codon (see fig.5). Each codon gives rise to a particular amino acid or a stop signal. The genetic code is referred to as degenerate because each amino acid is encoded by more than one codon; there are 64 possible combinations of codons from the 4 nucleotide bases (Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil or thymine) but only 20 different amino acids. (See fig.6)http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-i-CYqAFf61o/TZXYoBQmXrI/AAAAAAAAB5g/5PmMdfOP1PQ/s1600/genetic-code-1.jpg This degeneracy minimises the possible effects of mutations as alterations to the base sequence are less likely to change the amino acid so changes to the protein structure and function are avoided, this is known as a silent mutation. Protein synthesis always starts with the initiation codon AUG which encodes the amino acid methionine but this is later removed. Protein synthesis is terminated by the any of the three stop codons; UAG, UGA and UAA. [14][16] [17] FIG.6 DNA mutations can however cause genetic disorders and cancers. A gene mutation occurs when there is a change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene; these can be classified as either point mutation which involves the alteration of a single base or gross mutations which often involve the alteration of longer DNA sequences. There are several types of point mutations. Missense mutations occur when a single base is altered or substituted and a different amino acid is produced. Nonsense mutations result in translation ending prematurely because a nucleotide base has been substituted for another resulting in a stop codon and frameshift mutations result after a single base is either deleted or inserted which causes the ribosome to read a new set of codons which will alter the complete amino acid chain produced.(see fig,7) All these changes to the DNA sequence will alter the amino acid chain and subsequently have a serious effect on the protein produced and effect how well it will work or how it will carry out a specific task. Gross mutations have the same implications and also experience insertion and deletion but this is of several bases at a time. [14][18] Figure 4: If the number of bases removed or inserted from a segment of DNA is not a multiple of three (a), a different sequence with a different set of reading frames is transcribed to mRNA (b). [19] FIG.7 Frameshift mutations If the number of bases removed or inserted from a segment of DNA is not a multiple of three (a), a different sequence with a different set of reading frames is transcribed to mRNA (b). Identify the genes associated with AI. Faulty alleles of the genes AMELX, MMP20, KLK-4 and ENAM cause the disease amelogenesis imperfecta. These genes usually provide the genetic instructions for the production of proteins that are essential for the healthy formation of enamel. The mutations of these genes have caused a change in the nucleotide base sequence and as a result the protein structure is altered making them work ineffectively or not at all, in turn this has a variety of effects on the enamel formation. [1] The AMELX gene is located on both of the sex chromosomes, X and Y and provides instructions for the protein amelogenin which is essential for normal tooth development as is separates and supports the hydroxyapatite  crystals as they mature. Mutations in AMELX have been found to cause X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta because of the change in structure to amelogenin. [20] The  ENAM  gene provides instructions for the production of the protein enamelin and mutations of this gene can be found in both patients with autosomal dominant AI and autosomal recessive AI.[21] (see below) MMP20  is responsible for the protein enamelysin mutations in this gene are inherited via the autosomal recessive pathway and KLK-4 mutations are responsible for hypomaturation AI. [22][23] Understand and describe the phrases; autosomal dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance and X-linked recessive inheritance. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal homologous pairs of chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes; X and Y. Females have two X chromosomes where as males have one X and one Y chromosome. [18] There are three patterns of single gene disorders that allow faulty alleles (version) to be passed between generations. These include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked. [14]Autosomal dominant genes [24] FIG.8 Autosomal inheritance In autosomal dominant disorders only one faulty allele needs to be passed from the parents to the offspring for them to be affected by the disease. The affected child will also have one normal allele of the gene making them heterozygous. The affected childrens offspring will also have a 50% chance of inheriting the affected allele. (see fig.8)[14] In autosomal recessive disorders however the likeliness of being affected by the disease is only 25% and both parents must possess at least one of the mutated alleles. (See fig.9)This is because in recessive orders both inherited alleles must be mutants to show an effect in the offspring. There still is a 50% chance of being a carrier (if you have one healthy and one effected allele). [14]http://retinaaustraliansw.com.au/images/AutosomalRecessiveInheritance.gif [26] FIG.9 [26] FIG.10 X-linked inheritance Illustration showing X-linked recessive inheritance pattern with carrier mother In X-linked disorders the faulty allele is present on the X chromosome. As males only have one X chromosome they only need one copy of the allele to have the disease, they are hemizygous. Females however must have two copies of the faulty allele (homozygous) to be affected and so are in most case carriers. A female carrier has a 50% chance of their daughters being carriers and a 50% chance of their sons being affected by the disease. (See fig.10)[18] Amelogenesis imperfecta has different modes of inheritance. Hypoplastic  (Type I) and Hypomaturation (Type II) AI can be inherited by all three modes of the above inheritance patterns. Hypocalcified (Type III) AI is not inherited via the X-linked pathway and Hypoplasia (Type IV) AI is only passed between generations via the autosomal dominant pathway and only one faulty allele has to be passed to the offspring for them to be affected by amelogenesis imperfecta. [13] Conclusion Our nephew has been diagnosed with X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta. Taking in account the above information we can now conclude the reason why he but not his parents are affected by the disease is because our sister must be a carrier of the faulty allele of the gene AMELX. Males are hemizygous so the possibility of the father possesing the faulty allele has been ruled out or he would too be affected by the disease. One can also assume that he is suffering from either hypoplastic AI or hypomaturation AI as the other two types are not inherited via the X-linked pathway. The treatment of amelogenesis imperfecta will depend on the severity of the condition but it is usually to treat the aesthetic symptoms so crowns may be given to hide the displeasing characteristics of the malformed enamel.

Life of Pakistani Villagers :: Essays Papers

Life of Pakistani Villagers The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a Muslim state, won its freedom from India in 1947. Sixty percent of its population lives in villages. Farmers or herders have jobs in nearby cities or towns. Traditional customs have a strong influence on the life in rural areas of Pakistan, e.g. men have more social freedom than women do. Women avoid contact with men outside their family, and they cover their faces with a veil in the presence of strangers. In the villages, family houses cluster tightly together along narrow alleys, sharing a tank or shallow pond for washing clothes and for watering vegetables and livestock. House walls are mostly built of mud, and they rise to meet thatched roofs. A typical home may have a few pieces of simple furniture with straw mats covering the bare earth floor. A few stone or brick houses shelter the wealthy landlords and merchants. Most of the villagers live in same-styled, mud houses and cooperate with each other in daily life. Pakistani villagers dress themselves very simply as compared to city people. The most common dress for both men and women is a 'Shalwar Kamiz,' which consists of loose trousers worn under a long overblouse. Women wear a 'Doppta' and strictly observe 'purdah' by hiding their faces and private parts of their bodies. Families within the houses are seldom composed of mother, father, and young children. The extended family is more customary in Pakistan. Sons bring their wives to their family home and rear their children there. The eldest father uses the joint earnings of the family members for their support. Farm families work in the fields, raise crops, and tend them. When the crops are ready, they harvest and sell them. During this entire period, women also help in the fields by seeding, watering, and tending the crops alongside the male members of the family. In the extended family, the eldest father supervises the outdoor work while the mother looks after the indoor work. The children help their parents run the house. Villagers normally eat very simple meals consisting of a vegetable curry, a gruel of parched grams or lentils eaten with a bread called 'Chapati' or 'Roti.' The women cook the food which they serve on trays set on the floor. Women eat separately after the male members of the family have taken their meal.

Study of Communication Essay -- Human Communication, Ethnography of Sp

Studies on Human Communication The past century has been an enormously productive one in regard to the analysis and description of human communication. Building on the ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure, early structuralists delineated the phonological and morphological building blocks of speech by refining and applying the concepts of the phoneme and the morpheme. In addition to the rigorous description of hundreds of indigenous languages, anthropological linguists using this body of data worked on the problem of language histories and the division of current languages into families of related languages with the concomitant contribution to cultural history. Another achievement was the demonstration that not only was language separate from physical type, but also it was of equivalent complexity regardless of cultural complexity; in Edward Sapir's (1921) phrasing, â€Å"The lowliest South African Bushman speaks in the forms of a rich symbolic system that is in essence perfectly comparable to the speech of the cultivat ed Frenchman.† The second half of the 20th century was dominated by those who followed Noam Chomsky (1957) toward looking at the processes by which sentences are generated from an underlying assemblage of semantic, syntactic, and phrasal elements and their (rearrangements through transformational cognitive processes. For both of these approaches-structural and generative-the symbolic role of communicative forms played little role. There was a concern with meaning, but it was limited to its employment: 1. As part of a method to uncover linguistic units 2. As a lexical tagging element to prevent the generation of semantically inappropriate sentences. A sentence such as â€Å"He is not heavy he is my sister† should not be ge... ...nd the strictures of life are absent, but it is the symbolic dimension that is of interest here. The symbolic values of creativity, spontaneity, freedom, and play are dominant. These symbolic attributes are present in real human interaction, but in a virtual realm there are no limits other than those of nondisclosure and abusiveness for which a member might be censured and even banned. The virtual realm is valued as an improved human condition. The technological ability to construct and maintain this kind of activity creates a new set of symbols or at least a new dimension to the symbols of human life. Presenting oneself as an animal avatar may be no different from performing as a mummer in an animal costume. According to Boellstorff, in Second Life there is a seriousness and commitment to the guises that appears to be a potential rejection of one's real visage.

Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. Essay

Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. The case is subtitled â€Å"Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeal for the Third Circuit.† What is the meaning of â€Å"Certiorari†?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certiorari is an order by a higher court to review the subordinate court. In this the higher court request the lower court to bring the case forward so that it can review how the lower court has gone about with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Which justice wrote the majority opinion for the court? Which justices joined him/her?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Justice Kennedy wrote the majority opinion. Chief Justice Roberts, Justice Alito, Justice Breyer later on joined him,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. In five sentences or fewer and in your own words, what are the underlying facts of this case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case involves a plaintiff who was found guilty of a misdemeanor and given a fine for a traffic offense. However, he felt that the police had violated his rights and went to the Supreme Court to seek a certiorari for the court to look at the decision of the lower courts but the court of appeal affirmed the decision by the lower courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4. What was the main legal issue in this case? In other words, which constitutional provisions were allegedly violated?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main legal issues was whether the police had actually violated a fundamental right in the constitution. The right to privacy is the constitutional question in this case. Who did Petitioner sue? (Who was defendant in original case?)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5. The petitioner was the board of chosen freeholders of the county of Burlington.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What was the decision of the District court?                   6.The district court held that there was a violation of the fourth amendment.                   7.And how about the Appeals court? What was their decision?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The court of appeal upheld the decision of the district court.                   8. The U.S. Supreme Court noted in the majority decision that Appeals courts around the country have been split on this issue. Did this influence the Supreme Court’s decision to hear this case? Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This did not affect this case as the court applied their discretion to see the events that had been currently been brought before the court and keep aside the ideas that had ever applied in other cases. The court was also interested to create a precedence as such.                   9. The majority cites the case Block v Rutherford, 468 U.S. 576. For what purpose did they bring up this case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The court used this decision to try and explain the reason for upholding the third circuit as such. This tries to explain the reasons as to why the court upheld it and also show situation which the issue of contraband banning could be used. The court used this to show that if the arrested party was a person of higher degree crime then he could be denied the rights.                   10. The court also raises Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517. What point were they trying to make here?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of this case was also to try and explain why the court had made this decision as such and also show instances that such a decision would not amount to infringement of rights.                   11. And Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318 was discussed in depth. In your own words, what were the facts of that case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case the petitioner had come to court to seek whether undoubted security imperatives that are involved in jail supervision override an assertion that some of the detainees must evade from the invasive search.                   12.Why did the majority cite the Atwater case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The majority cited this case to act as a guideline as to whether there can be limitation to enjoyment some rights as such.                   1. The majority lists the many types of contraband that can be smuggled into jails. List at least six examples.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mobile Phones, Drugs, Weapons, Glass materials, Illegal clothing, Messages to other prisoners                   2. Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh was discussed. Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This situation was discussed to show the situations that the right can be limited. The right is explained that it can be limited in cases that the arrested party would pose a threat to the security of the public.                   3. Chief Justice Roberts issued a â€Å"concurring† opinion. What is a â€Å"concurring† opinion?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A concurring opinion is an opinion that goes in line with the decision and majority opinion of the courts.                   4. In your own words, what is Chief Justice Robert’s point?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chief justice Roberts tries to explain the impossibility of the court giving the exclusion of a rule delivered by the same court as such. J                  5. ustice Alito also filed a concurring opinion. What was his point?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His opinion was that the court will not be present at all times to ensure that the offenders are not subjected to these conditions. He tries to explain the fact that a judicial officer cannot always be present in the police stations to ensure that the right is not infringed at all.                   6. Who wrote the dissenting opinion? And who joined him/her?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dissenting opinion was written by Justice by Breyer                   7. The dissent said that a certain standard should apply to searches. What standard were they recommending?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The standard that he sets is the determination of the weight of cases so as to be able to know how serious a matter could be before opting to go ahead to conduct searches on a detainee.                   8. The dissent, too, cites Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 315. Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The opinion cites this case to cite situations I which the right to privacy could be limited and not in minor offences such as the one brought before the court of justice.                   9. On page 5 of the dissent the justices refer to â€Å"amicus† briefs. What is an Amicus brief?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a matter of fact, an amicus brief simply means an intervening brief to a case presented before the court of law.                   10. What examples did the dissent include to show those strip-searched for minor offenses?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dissent uses the example of traffic offenders being subjected to the same manner just as the people involved in major state offences.                   11. If you were on the court, would you side with the majority, the dissent, or one of the concurring opinions? Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most importantly, I would side with the decent since they have managed to show conclusively how the right can be infringed as such and also tries to protect the rights of minor offenders as well. References Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. (2012)566. U.S Source document

Group Characteristics and Development Essay

I was one of the founders of World Movers Research Firm (WMRF). The aim of forming this group was to create employment, earn better incomes and offer consultancy services to those organizations and business entities that could not afford these services at lesser charges than the normal market price in order to help them to grow and achieve their goals. The group comprised of people from diverse areas of study and we thought that this was an advantage since we would inject professionalism into the intended research firm. During forming stage, great care was taken to ensure all diverse disciplines were accorded the respect they deserved. It was also expected that some of us would do lesser job than the rest but this was handled with great care to ensure that no discipline was underrated because this would create intra group conflicts. We therefore discussed the objectives in detail and the job expected of every group member. There was need to have interim leaders who would coordinate the operations of the firm and we gave a chance for members to volunteer as we prepare for group elections. Even though two of our members wanted to head the organization, we managed to solve the conflict by encouraging dialogue amongst them. They were informed that the elections were to be conducted soon and there was no point of arguing. (Marilyn B. Cole, 2005, Pp. 20 – 32; Robins, S. , & Judge, T. , 2009) The most challenging part was perhaps the norming stage. There was a great need of constitution and there was a very hot debate. We managed to come up with a constitution and we agreed unanimously to stick to it and amend it when necessary incase we felt that there was a deficiency. We defined the roles of each member. We also agreed on the groups rewarding system and sharing of profits as well as the losses. All this was made possible by conforming to the agreed upon rules (Marilyn B. Cole, 2005, Pp. 28 – 32) After acquiring an office and making the necessary procurements, it was time to start the work. We managed to get a tender to review the operations of the joint loans boards in the country and make recommendations to improve them. The job was so well done that we were given the opportunity to implement the report. We found out that some of the roles needed modifications, and some of the members were not comfortable with the tasks in which they were supposed to carry out. We amended the constitution and everything came back to normal. (Marilyn B. Cole, 2005, Pp. 21 – 32) We all had high expectations and same objectives. Everyone worked very hard to achieve his part. The constitution was also very clear and conflicts were kept as minimal as possible. The group had minimal cohesion. This was just one of the ways of avoiding the negative symptoms of groupthink. In addition, through voting, we managed to set up a good directive leadership. The group was very independent from outside influences and the groups homogeneity nature in terms of ideologies and social background also suppressed negative groupthink effects. (Marilyn B. Cole, 2005, Pp. 28 – 38; Robins, S. , & Judge, T. , 2009) I can say that the group has been successful since it is still operating. Everyone is contented with his role in the group and we have even gone a step further to venture in investments from the income we have been able References Marilyn B. Cole, (2005). GROUP DYNAMICS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY: THE THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICE APPLICATION OF GROUP INTERVENTION, Slack Robins, S. , & Judge, T. (2009). ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, (13th Ed). Upper Saddle River, N. J: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Telecommunications and wireless technology Assignment

Telecommunications and wireless technology - Assignment Example The scope of technology and communication is not limited to any particular field or scope, rather it has helped making different sectors more easy to work with. Information system is an entire concept which is based on the implementation and installing of the information system in the organizations and networks for the benefit of fast working and easy execution of tasks. Literature Review: The journey of modern communication can be stretched back to the days when the communication means were slowly being transformed from wired communication to wireless ones. The wireless concept was a totally new idea which provided the people with more options in terms of the remote facility, usage of the mobile phones on the go, better services, and many more functionalities that were simply not provided by the wired telephone networks. This wireless technology came in form of 1st generation technologies formally known as the 1.G. these standards were specified by a centralized body known as the In ternational telecommunication Union (I.T.U), which looks into the matters of communication and networks and aims for further advancements and developments. I .T.U is a centralized body that looks into various aspects of the overall communication technologies promoting safer communications, specifying rules and regulations, dedicating channels and frequencies, providing platforms for further research, collaborating with other mega partners towards improvements of the communication technologies and also ensuring that the communication technologies are incorporated into other fields for the purpose of welfare of mankind and society. The first generation technology was formally known as the AMPS technology(Arokiamary 2009) which is acronym for Advanced Mobile Phone Services, these services were characteristic of being analogue in nature, facilitating limited number of customers across a dedicated channel, and with limited or no secure mechanism for protecting the privacy and data of the customers. Another characteristic of this concept was its limitation to mere voice traffic and being void of the data communications. To bring about advancements in the concept of wireless means of communication, a step forward was taken in form of migration towards second generation technologies which were formally known as the 2.G, which again was being parented by the I.T.U. The 2nd Generation technologies were meant for overcoming all the short comings that were there in the 1st generation technologies in form of the limited capacity, limited channel and customer entertaining, less secure means of operations. All this was overcome by transferring the overall concept to digital transmission and relying on the digital signal in contrast to the analogue signals which were largely in practice in the predecessor technological servicing entity. Few of the features of the second generation technologies included digital transmission, higher frequency bands, more secure algorithms adopt ion for the purpose of improved functioning and secure services, along with the using of channels and coding techniques that made the overall process of communication easy not just for the subscribers but the service providers as well. Some of the major concepts and entities of the second generation technologies include the usage of G.S.M (Global Systems for Mobile Communications), G.P.R.S (General

Role of Special Interest Groups Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Role of Special Interest Groups Paper - Essay Example Death penalty is such a big issue that has for a very long time affected formation of policies of most governments because Human Rights Activists are ever against this law because it at times is applied on innocent victims. In 1967 for instance, there were lots of cases revolving around crime in the U.S., which recorded a 16% increase. From this perspective, policies had to be formed to curb the rise in insecurity and for that reason; death penalty was the best option. However, most Human Right Activists still argue that death penalty is no deterrent to crime. While the policy can in one way or the other be an effective tool in reducing crime, there have been frequent complains that prosecutors pass judgment basing on race. Race has been a â€Å"mutant pest† in the U.S., whose eradication remains an uphill task. The U.S. signed three treaties to ensure justice is not administered on racial bias. The U.N. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1984, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) that deters anyone from unconstitutional application of death penalty, and the International Con vention on the Elimination of All Forms of racial Discrimination, which requires administration of justice in accordance to human rights and not on the basis of race. However, in 1992, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights noticed that the U.S. had breached the treaties when it executed William Andrews in Utah, which indicates that there is racial discrimination in administration of justice. Most empirical research findings indicate that 90% of decisions made in the U.S. judicial system have geared influence by racial disparities (Dieter, 2012 p.27). The U.S. government should consider acting quickly on matters pertaining racial

Database Design Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Database Design Project - Essay Example This paper presents a detailed analysis of basic areas of the new technology. Data and information are the most valuable resources for any business or corporation. Therefore, the development and implementation of databases to store this valuable business for corporate working has turned out to be a major part of almost every corporation or business sector. In addition, this development and implementation of the databases has offered great advantages to the organizations for an effective management of their business activities. This paper throws light on the development and analysis of a database system for â€Å"Mayo Clinic Medical Center† that is health care business with a variety of off-site campuses interacting within its health system. This business is operating through different working and business problems. The main objective behind this research is to outline the problem areas and then suggesting most suitable solution for these problems. Mayo Clinic Medical Center is a health care business that is working through a chain of off-site campuses. The working of this business is traditional in nature and relying upon the manual ways of data and information handling. In this business, there is an utmost need of a constant link among the distant working teams and main campuses. To serve this purpose, they need well qualified staff and suitable office structure. Now the management of the Mayo Clinic Medical Center has decided to establish a new database technology framework for the corporate. The main intention of the Mayo Clinic Medical Center management is to potentially improve the overall corporate performance and working capabilities. As discussed above the business of Mayo Clinic Medical Center is currently running through manual ways. In such scenario, the overall workload and working style is more rigid. All these problems lead to less effective working performance. At present, the data

Compare and contrast the economic, political and social environment of Essay

Compare and contrast the economic, political and social environment of the United States in the 1920s and the 1950s - Essay Example The economy of 1920 boomed and contributed to the success of the country during this era. It resulted in a boost in employment, cost-effective development and consumerism. In 1920s, there was a great enhancement in purchase of commodities, mass production, industrial production, corporate profits and movies. In 1920, every field witnessed innovative breakthroughs and creations. These inventions embrace cars, methods of transportation, gas stations, malls/shopping centers, radio, and sewing machines. The period of 1920 was a period of huge advancement in the sphere of mass communication and the movies became popular as well (Goff & Terry, 2002). The manufacturers made huge profits from new business and production approaches. Departmental stores along with service station chains benefited from considerable retail power and helped in wage rise. The figure of millionaires in US increased during this period. The share market reached to the pinnacle. The salaries of management were increased excessively. Banks offered significant bonuses to their staff. The moral codes of business distorted and corruption was prevalent in politics, business and society. This was an indication of the end of booming period in USA. Comparatively, the period of 1950 was somewhat outdated. The economy during 1950 observed no major innovation. The main issue of this era was inflation, the rise in consumer prices, in indirect business taxes as well as social security taxes. Tax rates along with employment rates carried on climbing during this period. First half of 1950 viewed the prosperity of progress of life insurance companies and enrollment of new private companies to take in the extremes of personal investments (Goff & Terry, 2002). The industries that flourished after the war comprised, transport industry, newspaper industry, automobile industry, housing industry, electronics and aviation and aerospace industry, military industry, Hollywood and newspaper industry. During this

Family law Reform of Divorce Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Family law Reform of Divorce Law - Essay Example However, it is felt that it is considered to premeditate on the Act even though its situation is still indecisive, as it has a lot of powers and decency in the perpetuation of the establishment of a family. 2Under the enactment, intercession is presented since it has numerous recompenses such as it works out disputes harmoniously, and it can trim down the build-up of indictments in the court. There has existed anticipation that the debate underscores the decency of the separation reform that transpired in England. Possibly, we may gain knowledge of England in presenting a novel section of Family Law Act to the non-Muslims and to establish arbitration as a substitute approach in the resolution of a family difference of opinion. Overview of the Present Law on Divorce The divorce law that came in with the family law came as, reinforcement to the previous divorce law that had presented earlier, in the divorce reform that occurs in 1969. The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973 has also been up dated further making the divorce law easier and diverse for persons in need of divorce. The above act barred the intention of presenting procedural no-fault divorce through the utilization of irrevocable breakdown basis, although, it fabricated matter through the retention of a slip up as proof of the presented collapse. The substitute consensual and non-consensual divorces that had been presented in early years approximately twenty years have gotten a replacement from the new laws that have become instituted, in the in the novel act.3The early reform provisions in the old constitution have gotten a replacement together, with the rest of the matrimonial faults that appeared, in terms of infidelity, manners and abandonment by the independent announcement of the matrimonial failures or collapses. The modification retained the existing auxiliary assistance system that has records or has been for all this time been in effect as from 1973 that had been uncovered to 1984 amendment.4 In ac cordance to the novel act, from the enactment, the absolute bar gets retained concerning the initiation of any divorce proceedings within the first year of a couple’s marriage as the issue got settled in the 1973 provisions on a matrimonial act that got endorsed in 19845. This insinuates that the matter discourages impetuous suits. In the act, some of the undeniable transformations are the new act concerning auxiliary relief. In this section, the exceptional trials have to be settled prior to granting of any divorce directive.6 In accordance with the act of 1857, the effigy generated a fresh divorce court that bared authority in marriage trails that formerly enjoyed the ecclesiastical courts. During this epoch, the foundation for the creation of a divorce trial steadily broadened with the commendations of the royal authorities up to 1937, when the current divorce law was acknowledged for the succession of the previous or former act on the same.7 Around this epoch in the accou nt of England, sexes, males and females had similar access to the matrimonial liberties unlike in the past where men got firsthand chances to offer divorces to their spouses. The idea of divorce became clearer on women’s side as they bared an access to bring their petitions. The matter came in as a compliment although, for most conserves of traditional practices, it came as a big surprise. The issue raised many outcries from the male dominion even though it was for the good of the ensuring democracy within all populace with  no regards to any prejudice.  

Gentrification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gentrification - Essay Example What is Gentrification? Through researching this phenomenon, one discovers that there is no finite definition of the term. The term was coined in 1964 by sociologist Ruth Glass when she used examples of London Districts as illustrations to define what the term meant: One by one, many of the working quarters of London have been invaded by the middle-class upper and lower. Shabby modest mews and cottages-two rooms up an two rooms down-have taken over, when their leases have expired, and become elegant, expensive residences [†¦] once this process of gentrification starts in a district it goes on rapidly until all or most of the working class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character is changed. In the Encyclopedia of Housing it is defined as â€Å"the process by which central urban neighborhoods that have undergone disinvestments and economic decline experience a reversal, reinvestments, and the in-migration of relatively well off, middle and upper middle class popula tion† (Smith) Then Hammel and Wyly difine gentrification as â€Å"the replacement of low-income, inner-city working class residents by middle-or upper –class households, either through the market for existing housing or demolition to make way for new up-scale housing construction: (Hammel) And the United States Department of Housing and Urban development defines gentrification as â€Å"the process by which a neighborhood occupied by low-income households undergo revitalization or reinvestment through the arrival of upper-income households†.... predominant common thread and motivation point to, (3) influx or the relatively affluent or gentry and (4) an increase in investment. Friedmann who lays down a hypothetical framework on which to build a study of global cities, used one of his components to his seven part theory the emergence of a bifurcated (to divide into two branches) service industry in major cities, which is composed of on the one hand, a high percentage of professionals specialized in control functions and, on the other, a vast army of low-skilled workers engaged inpersonal services[that] cater to the privileged classes for those whose sake the city primarily exists. (Friedmann) In Amsterdam social cleansing seems to be the appropriate name for deliberate policies aimed at removing a section of the population-a criminal underclass, or those with low-incomes. It is often inspired by a belief that a city (and its administration) has failed, if such people live there. The emergence of active policies to change the population mix in an entire city is related to the neoliberal idea that cities are a sort of business, competing in a global market of cities, and that successful cities have successful inhabitants. Unlike gentrification, Social cleansing is always government initiated. However, in Amsterdam, it is difficult to discern the difference between the two in either stated purpose or actual implementation. Low income bans in Amsterdam is a legal instrument. The first phase of gentrification in Amsterdam is where art and culture areprominent-the first art gallery in a working class neighborhood is a classic sign of

1984 George Orwell Dramatic performance analysis Essay Example for Free

1984 George Orwell Dramatic performance analysis Essay â€Å"No one is free, even the birds are chained in the sky.† – Bob Dylan A spotlight moves through the audience, searching, staring deep into the minds of the victims as they sit unknowing of their fate. Democracy has fallen and there is no hope. The lights fade and there is silence. The stage is empty. Big Brother is watching. George Orwell’s novel 1984 springs to life with this stage adaptation presented by the highly entertaining theatre company Shake and Stir. In the totalitarian society of 1984, lies, myths and false information dictate the population and this is portrayed beautifully in the theatrical presentation of the novel. 1984 tells the story of Winston, a man with no hope, the party controls his life, his not his mind. He believes that the party is spreading false truths to retain power over the people, and to rebel, he commits ‘thought crime’ by thinking and writing about taking down the party and destroying the power that they possess. Little does he know, the party is onto him. Orwell uses this as a comparison to the real world. It is his view that the If communist governments take over the world there will be no escape from their supreme rule. He instead believes in democratic socialism where there are still free elections. Socialism stops privatization by establishing collective ownership of major factors of production. And if there is no privatization the theory is there will be no corruption. Well executed dramatic elements of role, mood and symbol, as well as the set and costumes of 1984 are what make it an outstanding piece of theatre and one that is effectively designed, not only through live presentation but with the aid of audio and visual pre-recordings. Like Shake and Stir’s previous Orwell reboot, Animal Farm, 1984 is presented through elements of realism as well as minimalism through the miming of objects and the use of imaginary sets. The roles in the performance are uniquely developed and different for each performer. Winston is not just the lead character, but also a twisted representation of humanity, the real life population, and what we would do in that situation. His convincing portrayal surpassed any expectation. The  audience watches Winston throughout the play develop as a person as his hate for The Party develops. In the beginning of the play Winston is going through his everyday routine, which involves falsely proclaiming love for the party, which helps him survive. As the play continues Winston loses all hope and his he begins to not care about getting caught. This character development is captivating for the audience who identify Winston as the person they should emotionally connect with. The minor roles of Tom Parsons and Syme create an interesting feel to the play. Once they are killed off or ‘evaporated’, they appear in a number of different roles such as guards in the Ministry of Love or policemen arresting Winston and Julia. This double use of cast members creates a simplistic feel that stops the play from becoming overcrowded and complicated. Julia’s role in the performance plays a significant part, as she is the only female present throughout the play. Her personality screams hope for a better life in contrast to the other actors’ characteristics of doom, dismay or love for The Party. Julia’s development through the play is subtle but well executed. She begins as just another resident in Oceania but transforms into the only symbol of confidence and hope presented in the show. This helps to further develop Winston’s character by Julia’s influence rubbing off on him. O’Brien’s character is the final observable role in 1984. OBrien is an inner party member and the only one the audience physically witnesses. For all we know, he could run the whole operation, as he seems to be very powerful when Winston is in the Ministry of Love by even showing mind reading powers. OBrien is different to the other characters not only in his physical stature and age (being distinguishably older) but also in his appearance. He wears a suit but in the same uniformed ‘overall’ fashion as the rest of the cast. This part of the role represents his power (the suit) while still being controlled by ‘Big Brother’ (the work overalls). The significance of the hierarchy is fundamental to Orwell’s idea that Winston has no power and even inner party members are not fully in control. The mood in 1984 explodes in the audiences face from the first second. Despair, heartbreak, torture and tyranny were feelings that the audience was expected to feel during the performance. The dark set aided the mood in its  endeavor to achieve these feelings. The tension was evident as soon as Julia and Winston started their romance with hovered movements and purposefully dropped lines playing a pivotal role. Not only was there sexual tension between the couple but tension created by the held suspense for the pair to inevitably get caught. The audience was mesmerized by the fact that the pair could have their secret love affair and not be found out. Every time they practiced â€Å"thought crime,† the audience would think; this is it, they are going to be captured. But only when audience members feel as if maybe they will get away with it do they violently get captured. This suspense is what gives the play its spine tingling mood. Not only was the mood set to entice and intrigue audience members, 1984 also made people think with its deep and meaningful symbolism. The sash that Julia wore was meant to be for the ‘Anti Sex League’, but it had so much more meaning than this. It was a distinguishing factor between her and the men that surrounded her. It was also a reason for Winston to look at her and therefore fall in love with her. But the major symbolism behind the sash was her defiance against Big Brother. When she wore it she seemed different and interesting, she stood out from the bland background from which she dwelled and that was why it was significant. From the very start of the show, symbolism was flowing through each individual’s mind subconsciously. The spot light at the start of the show, symbolized Big Brother’s watch over the people and in this case, the audience. It may not have seemed significant, but it was making an impression in the audience’s heads before the y even knew what the play was about. Props were also used symbolically. The notebook that Winston wrote in was a symbolic way to spew his thoughts onto paper and for the audience to audibly hear what Winston was thinking. This was imperative for the narrative to add extra meaning and depth. The last section of symbolism in 1984 was the room that Winston rented out. It was an oasis, an escape from the torture that was life. The room was lit brighter than the rest of the set and felt warm and comforting; it was a last look at a previous life, one without Big Brother. The authenticity of the room gave it contrast from the rest of the set made it stand out that little bit more, but it was inevitably the  downfall of Winston and Julia’s relationship. This irony was well mastered and presented by the cast. Not all creative prowess was based on the characters in 1984. The set was outstanding in creating an environment that really did feel post apocalyptic. Not only did it have the rotating part to open up into a different room but also it proved multi-purposeful. It served as a jail, a lonely street, the comforting home and a torture cell as well as the woods, all without changing the background. This was possible because of the creative genius that was the television screens. They completely revolutionized the feel of the play and created a strong atmospheric impression upon the audience. Not only did they serve as a look into Winston’s mind but they also painted a beautiful picture of his dreams. As well as being a depiction of Winston, they portrayed security cameras and television screens to enhance the story even further. This technological addition to the performance made the already insightful story even more profound. Shake and Stir have done an inestimable justice to Orwell’s 1984. With the role of characters structurally thought-out down to the finest points, the mood was set and designed to divide the minds of audiences and make them question reality at the present. They created symbolism that was insightful and thought provoking while still being detectable. Stunningly raw sets merged with large screens that created a post apocalyptic world in front of the eyes of viewers. Audience members leave the theatre wondering†¦ â€Å"Is Big Brother watching?†

Responsibility Of A Businessman

Responsibility Of A Businessman In the world of business, the paramount responsibility of the businessman has historically been to make profit and increase the shareholder value. In other words the motive of operating business has been the corporate financial responsibility. However in todays competitive world every company is striving to achieve competitive edge in the global market which is not feasible by achieving corporate financial responsibility In this modern era, the drivers of competitive advantage is not restricted to corporate financial responsibility but it also includes other issues such as brand loyalty, staff morale and motivation, reputational risk, environmental sustainability and many other. By keeping this knowledge in mind, in the last decade a movement describing wider concept of corporate responsibilities- for local communities, for ethical responsibility, for the environment, and for working condition, has grown and taken grip. This new driving force is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) What is Corporate Social Responsibility? Particularly there is no universal definition of CSR , in general it means transparent business practices which are based on value of ethics along with fulfilling legal requirements and respect for the environment, community and people. Hence company is not responsible for profit only but also for the impact of their operation on people and the planet. Here the term people includes- companys stakeholders: its customers, employees, investors, business partners, vendors, and suppliers, the government and the community [1]. In business world, CSR is alternatively referred to corporate citizenship. According to South China Morning Post, 2002: The desire of companies looking beyond profits to their role in society is generally termed as corporate social responsibility .This term refers to a company linking itself with building employee relations, ethical values, compliance with legal requirements transparency, and all together respect for the communities in which they run. It goes beyond the occasional community service action, however, as Corporate social responsibility is a corporate philosophy that draws strategic decision-making, hiring practices, partner selection, and, ultimately, development of brand.[2] History of CSR The story of social and environment concern about business began with the story of business itself. There are many cases which indicate the presence of Corporate Social Responsibility in long time back. For example we can trace the Commercial logging operations and laws to protect forests around 5000 year back. In Ancient Mesopotamia in 1700 BC, under the rule of King Hammurabia there was a code which says builders, farmers, or innkeepers would put to death if their negligence cause any harm, inconvenience or death to local citizens. In 1622 disgruntled shareholders of Dutch East India Company used to issue pamphlets about the self enrichment and management secrecy. By the 1920s the Corporate Social Responsibility became one of the important issues for discussion this gave the beginning to the morden Corporate Social Responsibility movement [5]. Between 1900 and 1960 the corporate world slowly began to accept and adopt additional responsibilities towards society other than making a profit and obeying the law. Many believed that corporate world has the capability of avoiding social problems. Many legal mandates were designed for business related to product safety, equal employment opportunity, worker safety and the environment safety. In addition to this, society began to make expectation out of the corporate world that it would contribute towards the betterment of the society and will voluntarily participate in solving the problems related to the society. This expectation was based on the view that business should extend its responsibility beyond the economic and legal responsibility and should also cover responsibility towards the society. In this way Corporate social Responsibility came into the world of corporate and became one of the major and vital strategy for achieving and maintaing sustainability in this global world [6]. Corporate Governance is not the same as Corporate Social Responsibility There is a very fine line between Corporate Social Responsibility and corporate Governance. These two terms are extremely vital for the company. If the company has well designed Corporate governance programs then it would mostly cover all the issues related to Corporate Social Responsibility. In simple words corporate Governance means the system by which the organizations are directed and controlled. It is the way in which the top management executes their responsibility by using their authority and how they are accountable for it. It is concerned about openness, accountability and integrity in the decision making process of the organization. No doubtable it is important for all the organization regardless of whether is is private or public sector [10]. Need of adopting Corporate Social Responsibility by the companies Companies have start realizing that in order to be competitive, productive and relevant in a changing corporate world, they have to be responsible towards the society. In the world of globalization, how the company is maintaining its relationship with its employees, host communities, and the marketplace greatly affects the sustainability of the organization. To understand the need of Corporate Social Responsibility there are two aspects: moral aspect- business could not survive in isolation they rely on the society in which they exist. Society and business both are interconnected and inter dependent to each other. Business requires the infrastructure and source of employees that society provides. Corporate Social Responsibility is about recognizing the inter dependence between the corporate and society and a means of working on that obligation so as to giving mutual benefit to the business and to the society in which the business operates. It is analyzed on the part the business that for earning profit business do not exist in a vacuum and the success which it enjoy is mainly due to its healthy relationship with the society in which it operates. The motive of a business is not to make a profit, full stop. But the main motive is to make a profit so that the business can contribute for something more or better. That something is only the real justification for the business. It is a moral issue. To mistake the means for the end is to be turned in on oneself, which Saint Augustine called one of the greatest sins. It is useful and important to ask about any organization, If it did not exist, would we invent it? Only if it could do something good or more useful than anyone else would have to be the answer, and profit would be the means to that larger end.[4] Advocate of Corporate Social Responsibility believe that in advance economies the objective of business should be beyond the maximization of profit and efficiency. Society has an expectation out of businesses to have a responsibility and an obligation towards the society in which they operates, their customers and employees. The business should change its attitude towards its objective and should look beyond the narrow concept of shareholder concerns and traditional-bottom line. Business draw benefits from the society in which it operates in some or the other way like infrastructure, safe environment, employees from the society. economic aspect: In todays brand driven market Corporate Social Responsibility is a way of matching business operations with stakeholders demands and values. Its an economic self interest, there are many real economic benefits to businesses which are working upon the Corporate Social Responsibility. The corporations which are pursuing a Corporate Social Responsibility strategy are making there future bright because this will give the competitive and differentiation market advantage to the corporation. Corporate Social Responsibility covers almost all the day to day operations of the corporation. Whatever corporation does is in some way or the other way interact with the interest of stakeholders, the corporation needs to maintain its relationship with all its stakeholders. Success of the company is directly related to its brand royalty. Involving the large amount of money, time, and effort companies put in their brands, a good Corporate Social Responsibility policy is an best means of utilizing that i nvestment and maximizing its impact. 10 commandments of Corporate Social Responsibility Many companies are applying CSR strategy and getting involved in activities which they consider to be the part of CSR. There is a lot of misunderstanding relating to this term, so it is important to have a clear idea about CSR. To make a certain standards for the CSR, there are 10 commandments made for it: make ensure that corrective action is taken before it is required. Every company sets its own standards which should not be against the interest of other communities. Compliance of self imposed standards is always recommended to compliance with those standards which are imposed by constitution. The organization should work to establish industry-wide standards and self regulation. To follow Corporate Social Responsibility the organization should work with affected constituents to solve common problems. When ever if any mistake or some something against the interest of the society is conducted by the organization then it is recommended to publicly admit it because certain things are worse for organisations image than being caught red hand while trying to hide social irresponsible behaviour. Working for the society or doing anything for the society is not the rigt attitude for following Corporate Social Responsibility, what matters is that the organization should indulge itself into a approprita social programs. The organization should contribute in correcting the environment problems. In this global world the especially the developing coutries are changing their social environment, here comes the Corporate Social Responsibilty for the organization to monitor the changing social environment and shaping it in the better way. Corporate Social Responsibilty seeks for the code of conduct, so the organization should establish and enforce proper and clear corporate code of conduct. It is expected out of the organization that in case of social issues the organization should public stand. The organization should not be lost in enforcing the Corporate Social Responsibilty and get distract from its main objective of earning profit. It should try hard to make profit because an organization can not provide social benefit such as employment, if it is not in a condition to make profit on an on going bases [9]. Companies following CSR: Many companies are practicing CSR, they have made it as a integral part of the organization strategy many big companies are practicing the corporate and ethical practice. most of the companies are changing their product or innovating them in such a way that new product would be environmental friendly and make the sustainable development. An example of the company which is following Corporate social Responsibility Idea Cellular Ltd: This company is in telecom service, its mission is to delight their customers while meeting their customers communication needs any time and any where. This company is very active in Corporate social Responsibility, its CSR activity is mainly based in the area of education and rural development. This company is a responsible corporate citizen and it try hard to give back to the society in which it operates. The activities which this company has undertaken for Corporate social Responsibility are : Pocket Public Call Office project- this company along with International Finance Corporation has taken a step for making and implementing a Pocket PCO project in India. this will create a mobile phone which would have an additional feature of PCO software embedded in it. This device can be use for double purpose, for personal use and as a PCO for business opportunity. This company has made commitment to improve the lives of individuals by providing better quality access to telecommunication. FICCI-Aditya Birla Corporate Social Responsibility Centre for Excellence- as per the mission and corporate value of the company, this company along with the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry , and other groups companies have launched a Corporate Social Responsibility centre. This purpose of doing this is to create the culture and concept of Corporate Social Responsibility among businesses, industries, institutions, which will benefit employees, their families in short to the whole society through training and welfare programs.[8] Recently this company came up with an idea of conducting Corporate Social Responsibility through advertisements. This new advertisement which mostly talks about democracy, rural development and education is a milestone in the journey of this brand. By doing this Idea cellular Ltd. In India is successfully gaining market share. this company has adopted Corporate Social responsibility because they believe that business sustainability depends largely up on the high ethical standards of the company. An example of the companies which are not to much serious about Corporate social Responsibility Corporate Social responsibility is not mandatory for the organization to adopt and apply it in its day to day working. There are certain companies which are not much bother about the Corporate Social responsibility, they believe that they can survive in the market without it. The companies which are consider as socially irresponsible are bp, Hallibrton, Dow Chemical, Glaxo Smith Kline, MERCK and many others. Kelloggs is consider as socially irresponsible company in its few products. The coco pops of Kelloggs contain 35% sugar which is too unhealthy for the children. The highly sugar concentrated Kellogs Coco pop cereal is unsuitable for the children. The advertisement of this product was done basiclly in front of school and bus stops, the target market were children. In the advertisement a monkey wearing school uniform which was aimed to encourage children to eat a high sugar cereal. Kellogs is a partner of Change 4life, a department of health initiative which help to reduce obesity. This Coco Pop cereal of Kellongs advertisement conflicts with this approach. This carelessness of Kellongs affected its image. But it did not affected to its profit much.[11] Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is one of the most important business strategies, consumers are interested in buying products of those companies on which they can trust, suppliers want to deal with those companies which are trust worthy and employees prefer to work for those companies for which they have respect. Satisfying these stakeholders of the company would maximize the commitment of the company towards its main stakeholders- investors, who get benefits the most when company meets the expectation of its other stakeholders. In the globalization era only those corporations can succeed who manages to handle conflicting interests of it stakeholders. Avoiding unnecessary resource use and reducing waste does not just protect the environment but also saves the money of the organization. There are many benefits attached to Corporate Social Responsibility: It builds the good reputed image of the organization, this make easy to recruit employees. Generally people want to work in that organization where they can have trust that they will get their pay and other benefits. This may hold back the employess in the organization which would further provide benefit to the organization by reducing the cost of recruitment and training. Corporate Social Responsibility makes the organization active and involve it with other local communities in a positive way, this creates an opportunity to make positive press coverage. Corporate social Responsibility encourage the invertors to invest in the organization, it provide assurity to the investors that the organization is favorite of the public so its save to invest in it. It makes the organization more competitive and also sustain the organization in the market. This reduces the risk of sudden damage to the reputation of the organization [7]. In order to satisfy the wants of present generation without compromising the ability of satisfying the future generation wants and needs is what we call sustainable development. Corporate Social Responsibility contributes for sustainable development of the economy. Cost of Corporate Social Responsibility Sometimes corporate social responsibility is also taken in a negative way or as a costly strategy for the corporation. Taking social responsibility is not economically feasible. Social issues should be some other societys responsibility to handle. Implementing Corporate Social Responsibilty might be expensive. Resources such as people, time, and money need to be allocated and requires training and reporting activities will likely raise the cost of operation. It is kind of burden for the organization, it requires more report works other then financial report now to practice Corporate Social Responsibility the organization has to make non profit report Conclusion Corporate Social Responsibility is a pure voluntary action, which depends on the organization to whether adopt it and follow or do not care for its responsibility towards the society in which it operate. It has gained a lot a attention in last decade, many companies are making non financial report. It is believe that Corporate Social responsibility contribute for sustainable development of the economy. It may at first appear to be a cost burden for the organization but at the end it found to be supportive of brand, sales, investor popularity and employee loyalty Government and non government organization along with the businesses are indulge in constructing a number of frameworks and guidelines which the company can practice to measure their commitment towards Corporate Social Responsibility The bottom line is this the combination of corporate financial responsibility and Corporate Social Responsibility makes the organization to realize its goal and enable it to sustain in the market for the long period..